The brain Flashcards
1
Q
What does rostral mean?
A
towards the nose or head
2
Q
What does caudal mean?
A
towards the tail or feet
3
Q
What are gyri?
A
bumps on the brain
4
Q
What are sulci?
A
folds between gyri (bumps)
5
Q
What is white matter?
A
- myelinated neurons
- cerebral medulla, inner brain, and outer spinal cord
6
Q
What is grey matter?
A
- unmyelinated axons, glial cells. dendrites, cell bodies
- cerebral cortex, outer brain, inner spinal cord
7
Q
What does the telencephalon become?
A
the cerebrum
8
Q
what does the diencephalon form?
A
the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
9
Q
What does the mesencephalon make up?
A
the midbrain
10
Q
What does the metencephalon become?
A
the pons and cerebellum
11
Q
what does the myelencephalon become?
A
the medulla oblongata
12
Q
What 4 things make up the telencephalon (cerebrum)?
A
1) Cerebral cotex
2) Cerebral medulla
3) Longitudinal fissure
4) Corpus callosum
13
Q
What is the cerebral cortex?
A
outer grey matter
14
Q
what is the cerebral medulla?
A
inner white matter
15
Q
What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
A
the R&L hemispheres
16
Q
What does the corpus callosum connect?
A
the R&L hemispheres, main communication
17
Q
What are the 5 telencephalon lobes?
A
1) Frontal lobes
2) Parietal lobes
3) Temporal lobes
4) Occipital lobes
5) Insula lobes
18
Q
What does the frontal lobe control?
A
- motor function of skeletal muscles
- concentration
- verbal communications
- planning, decision making
- personality
19
Q
What does the parietal lobe control?
A
Sensory function
20
Q
What does the temporal lobes control?
A
- hearing
- interpreting speech and language
- smell
21
Q
What does the occipital lobes control?
A
- visual memories
- sight
22
Q
What does the insula lobes control?
A
- memory
- interpretation of taste
23
Q
What does the epithalamus have?
A
The pineal gland
24
Q
What does the pineal gland secrete?
A
“Melatonin” which regulates circadian rhythm
25
What does the thalamus help do?
Filters out and allows for sensory info to be focused on (all except smell)
26
What does the hypothalamus do?
Is the master control center of autonomic functions
27
What does the master control center of autonomic functions control?
- body thermostat
- controls emotional response
- hunger & thirst
- circadian rhythms
- secretes hormones
- influence heart rate
- controls blood pressure
- controls digestion
- controls respiration
28
What is the Infundibulum?
The stalk of pituitary gland
29
What makes up the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
30
What makes up the midbrain?
- portion of the brainstem
- visual and auditory reflexes
- posture and movement
31
What makes up the metencephalon?
- pons
- cerebellum
32
What makes up the pons?
- middle bulge of brain stem
- relay impulses
- regulate breathing
33
What makes up the cerebellum?
- Is a large portion of lower brain
- Arbor vitae
- Tentorium cerebelli
- coordinates muscles contractions
- maintains equilibrium and posture
- maintains resting muscle tine by muscles spindle fibers
- cognitive functions
34
What is arbor vitae?
Internal white structure
35
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
Dural septum separating cerebrum from cerebellum
36
What are the cognitive functions?
- Attention
- process language
- music
- sensory stimuli
37
What can happen if the cerebellum is damaged?
Ataxia
38
Where is the medulla oblongata located?
The lowest part of the brain stem
39
What goes through the medulla?
All communication between brain and spinal cord
40
What does the left side control?
The right side of the body
41
What does the right side control?
The left side of the body
42
What does the medulla oblongata do?
- all communication between brain and spinal cord
- sensory relay for cranial nerves
- relay to thalamus
- cardiac center
- vasomotor center
- respiratory center
- coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting
43
What do the meninges do?
- 3 layers of connective tissue
- protect brain
- enclose brain
44
What are the 5 layers of the head?
1) Skull
2) Epidural space
3) Dura
4) Subdural space
5) Arachnoid
45
What is the epidural space?
Potential space for vessels
46
What is dura mater?
Outermost layer
47
What is the periosteal layer of the dura mater?
Outer dura, forms periosteum of cranium
48
What is the meningeal layer of the dura mater?
Inner dura
49
What is the dural venous sinus?
Forms between dural layers, blood drain
50
What is the subarachnoid space?
Space below the arachnoid layer (has fingerlike projections)
51
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
CSF
52
What is pia mater?
Thin and most deep
53
What 3 things make up the cranial dural septa?
1) falx cerebri
2) tentorium cerebelli
3) diaphragma sellae
54
What does the falx cerebri separate?
The cerebrum into R&L halves
55
What is in the anterior portions of the falx cerebri?
The Crista galli
56
What is in the posterior portion of the falx cerebri?
The tentorium cerebellum
57
What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
The cerebrum from the cerebellum
58
What is the diaphragma sellae?
- roof over the sella turcica
- small opening allows pituitary stalk to pass through
59
What are all ventricles lined with?
Ependymal cells
60
What are the ventricles continuous with?
Each other and the central canal
61
Where are the two lateral ventricles and what are the separated by?
- They are in the cerebrum
- they are separated by the septum pellucidum
62
Where is the third ventricle located?
In the diencephalon
63
Where is the fourth ventricle?
Between the pons and cerebellum?
64
What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
- buoyancy (brain is able to float)
- environmental stability
- protection from movements
65
What is process of the formation of cerebrospinal fluid?
- formed by choroid plexi in all ventricles
66
How are choroid plexi made?
They are made by ependymal cells
67
How does the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid happen?
- CSF goes from ventricle to subarachnoid space
- it drains into blood by arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses
68
What are the two types of reticular formation?
1) motor
2) sensory
69
What does motor reticular formations do?
- regulates muscle tone (especially when resting)
- autonomic center in medulla and pons for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate
70
What does sensory reticular formations do?
- Reticular Activating System: RAS: maintains state of awareness or consciousness
71
Where is the Limbic system located?
The ring border around diencepalon
72
What is the limbic system refereed to as?
The “emotional brain”
73
What is the limbic system important for?
It is important in endocrine and autonomic motor systems
74
What are can be associated with emotions?
Odors
75
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?
Into the jugular
76
What is the subdural space?
Potential space
77
What is the arachnoid layer?
Layer between dura and pia, looks like plastic wrap
78
Where is a spinal tap done?
In the subarachnoid space between L3-L5
79
