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association cortices Flashcards

add diagrams to notion of where to find each white matter tract type (66 cards)

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1
Q

cortex vs lobe

A

cortex = thin outer covering of lobe - esp temporal lobe

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2
Q

what and where is insula/ insular cortex

A

simple function is disgust

tucked between temporal and parietal

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3
Q

what are brodmann areas

A

map of cortex

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4
Q

who first mapped Brodmann areas

A

Korbinian Brodmann - histology variation discovery, observed via microscope - diff structures, diff functions

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5
Q

how many Brodmann areas are there

A

52 regions, some are subdivided

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6
Q

what is brodmann area 17

A

primary visual cortex

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7
Q

what is brodmann area 37

A

fusiform face area is part of area 37

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8
Q

association cortices ___ the primary cortices

A

are not

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9
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex function

A

finding loc of sensory info
important for attention

especially spatial attention

integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory info

damage results in “neglect” of incoming sensory info

e.g. hemineglect

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10
Q

what brodmann areas make up Posterior Parietal Cortex - 4

A

Brodmann areas 5,7,39,40

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11
Q

neglect suggests damage to what part

A

a sign of posterior Parietal cortex damage – contralateral (the other side of the change is where the damage occured)

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of neglect

A

sensory neglect

conceptual neglect

hemiasomatognosia

motor neglect

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13
Q

what is sensory neglect

A

incoming sensory info from contralateral hemisphere is ignored

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14
Q

what is conceptual neglect

A

neglect of body and external world in the contralateral hemifield

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15
Q

what is hemiasomatognosia

A

pt denies part of body affected belongs to them

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16
Q

what is motor neglect

A

fewer movements in contralateral space

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17
Q

what is agnosia

A

or loss of knowledge

an inability to recognize sensory stimuli

caused by inferior or middle temporal cortex damage

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18
Q

3 types of angosia

A

visual agnosia (inferior temp cortex)

prosopagnosia (inferior temp cortex)

movement agnosia (middle temp cortex–)

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19
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

pt can see but not identify but can potentially still interact normally with item

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20
Q

what is prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

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21
Q

what is movement agnosia

A

cannot distinguish between moving and stationary

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22
Q

The McGurk Effect

A

subconsious, even if person knows it is different

vision is mostly dominant sense in humans

large variation in how people experience it

reduced in Dyslexia, Autism

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23
Q

prosopagnosia is associated with impaired function of which Brodmann area/areas

A

37

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24
Q

role of frontal cortex

A

selecting and planning an appropriate response

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25
the prefrontal cortex is rostral to
primary motor cortex (these are the two parts of the frontal cortex
26
the prefrontal cortex develops when
late, 20-30 (is why many mental health conditions develop late)
27
the dorsal part of the frontal cortex regulates
thoughts, attention
28
the ventral part of the frontal cortex regulates
emotions
29
prefrontal cortex roles - 3
restraint initiative order
30
what is restraint
role of prefrontal cortex judgement, foresight, inhibiting inappropriate actions, concentration
31
what is initiative
role of prefrontal cortex drive creativity curiosity personality flexibility
32
what is order
role of prefrontal cortex planning abstract reasoning working memory attention
33
damage to frontal cortex damage can potentially cause (depending on area that is damaged) (12)
difficulty planning sequence needed to complete a task (working memory) loss of spontaneous interactions loss of flexibility in thought perseveration - persistence of a single thought or action inability to focus on the task at hand - erraticness emotional lability abulia - passivity, apathy socially inappropriate behaviour personality change difficulty problem solving epressive aphasia hemiplegia
34
what is aphasia
a condition that makes it hard to speak or write words, even though someone understands what they want to say
35
what is hemiphlegia
paralysis that affects only one side of your body
36
where is executive functioning
in prefrontal cortex
37
what is executive functioning
long term planning withholding impulsive behaviours cognitive control significant in many pathologies - addiction, personality disorders, dementia
38
what are white matter tracts
connect the association cortices myelinated neurons poorly understood, not easy to see - needs diffusion tensor imaging
39
what are association fibres
white matter tracts connect cortical areas in the same hemisphere
40
example of association fibres
superior longitudinal fasciculus covers lots of area in the brain
41
what are commissural fibres
white matter tracts connect across hemispheres e.g. corpus callosum - connects two hemispheres
42
what are projection fibres and two examples of them
white matter tracts connect cortex to other brain regions corticospinal (motor) and corona-radiata
43
what is language/ what is the process
form of sensory info cortical areas working together: temporal cortex - what is it aka what am i hearing (after primary auditory cortex processing) frontal cortex - what am i going to do aka what do i say (sends to motor cortex muscles in face/throat move to speak back
44
what is dysarthria
difficulty moving the muscles of face and tongue that mediate speaking, and therefore speech musculoskeletal issue
45
what is aphasia
difficulty in naming objects , repitition of words is impaired - there are different types difficulty with language
46
what brodmann areas are primary auditory cortex and where are they found
41 and 42 on posterior superior temporal gyrus (sounds to neuronal info)
47
what is wernicke's area/ what brodmann area
recognition of language/ understanding language brodmann area 22 - is found next to primary auditory cortex
48
what is wernicke's aphasia
inability/ difficulty to understand language fluent speech but no sense (if Broca's area is intact) little repetition adequate syntax and grammar also called fluent, sensory or receptive aphasia
49
cause of wernicke's aphasia
damage to wernicke's aphasia area often as result of stroke sometimes alzheimers
50
what is broca's area/ what brodmann areas
creating language 44+45
51
what is broca's aphasia
few problems understanding language (if wernicke's area is intact) difficulty contructing own language repetitive disordered syntax + grammar + structure of individual words also called non-fluent, motor, expressive, production aphasia
52
cause of broca's aphasia
damage to broca's aphasia often as result of stroke different branches of the middle cerebral artery
53
for lamguage we are mostly ___ hemisphere dominant
left
54
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: regions?
wernickes = temporal brocas = frontal
55
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: main symptom?
wernickes = unable to understand language, fluent speech that does not make sense brocas area = understands language but cannot structure own, halting speech that somewhat makes sense - self aware
56
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: repetition?
wernickes = little repetition brocas = repetitive
57
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: syntax?
wernickes = adequate brocas = disordered
58
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: grammar?
wernickes = adequate brocas = disordered
59
aphasias affect
language - also effects reading, writing, sign language not effecting convo cues, body language
60
what is arcuate fasiculus
white matter tract connects broca's and wernicke's areas
61
arcuate fasiculus is comprised of what type of fibres
association fibres (as diff parts of same hemisphere of brain)
62
what is the information flow process in learning and memory
sensory info goes into cortical association areas, to parahippocampal and rhinal cortices, to hippocampus from here, back to cortical association areas (retrieval) and/or mammilary bodies and thalamus via fornix (encoding happens all along this pathway)
63
what does the central sulcus separate
parietal and frontal cortices
64
what does the lateral sulcus or silvian fissure separate
temporal
65
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