Introduction to Learning and Memory

Question 1

Lesion/ Deficit Model

Answer 1

shows brain damage is linked to behavioural change

Question 2

Lesion/ Deficit Model - 2 case studies names/ dates

Answer 2

Phineas Gage 1848

Clive Wearing

Question 3

Phineas Gage 1848

Answer 3

railway construction accident, hole in left side of prefrontal cortex

retained health but inc impulsivity and irritability

solidified link between prefrontal cortex and personality/ behaviour

Question 4

Clive Wearing

Answer 4

severe amnesia following herpes encephalitis, damaged hippocampus

struggle forming new memories/ accessing old ones due to retrograde/ anterograde amnesia

seconds spanning memory, retained motor skills (procedural memory intact)

retains unspecific memory, cognitively able

(not dementia)

Question 5

how many types of memory?

Answer 5

2 classes , 5 types

Question 6

what are the types of memory?

Answer 6

explicit/declaritive: semantic, episodic

implicit: procedural, motor, emotional

Question 7

what is explicit/ declarative memory

Answer 7

conscious memory

Question 8

what is implicit memory

Answer 8

subconscious memory

Question 9

what is semantic memory and where is it stored

Answer 9

factual

hippocampus

Question 10

what is episodic memory and where is it stored

Answer 10

recalling experiences

hippocampus

Question 11

semantic and episodic memory have ___ anatomy

Answer 11

similar

Question 12

what is procedural memory and where is it stored

Answer 12

habits and skills

striatum

Question 13

what is motor memory and where is it stored

Answer 13

coordination

cerebellum

Question 14

what is emotional memory and where is it stored

Answer 14

classic conditioning

limbic system

Question 15

what are the three stages of the 3 stage model

Answer 15

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 16

what is encoding - 3

Answer 16

turning sensory info into neuronal activity

perception

attention

Question 17

encoding is turning sensory info into neuronal activity via

Answer 17

specialist sensory structures

Question 18

2 examples of specialist sensory structures

Answer 18

rods and cones in eye

hair cells in ear

Question 19

what is perception

Answer 19

integration of different sensory streams into one

Question 20

what is retrieval

Answer 20

retrieving knowledge of a concept and its associations

Question 21

describe the process of retrieval - 4

Answer 21

encoding goes into short term memory (aka sensory processing not really memory)

attention dictates what enters working memory (holding in mind/ into storage - aka long term memory)

retrieval is the process of making associations based on context and past experiences

when we repeat this, it is called learning

Question 22

“we know what all those words mean”

Answer 22

long term memory

Question 23

“we cannot remember them for a few seconds”

Answer 23

working memory

Question 24

“when we try to remember, we make mistakes”

Answer 24

retrieval

Question 25

Van den Broek et al 2016, McDermott 2021

Answer 25

retrieval practice helps retaining info

Question 26

Yang et al 2023

Answer 26

retrieval practice helps reduce test anxiety

Question 27

Van den Broek et al 2016

Answer 27

retrieval practice helps strengthen relevant assictaions and weaken irrelevant associations

Question 28

hippocampus role

Answer 28

forms declarative/ explicit memory that is ultimately stored in cortex spatial memory/ learning - where in the world we are often lost in early Alzheimers active site of neurogenesis has sub regions

Question 29

striatum role

Answer 29

procedural memory motivation reward reinforcement motor responses to abive multiple sub regions e.g. riding bike post learning and practicing

Question 30

cerebellum role

Answer 30

corrects actions to mediate deviations in intention/outcome aka between motor action and muscle between cerebral motor cortex and muscles via spinal cord, cerebellum mediates between the two if differences occur

Question 31

limbic system role and what it includes

Answer 31

includes amygdala, cingulate, hypothalamus, septum, hippocampus, etc border, dictates and stores feelings

Question 32

lateral section

Answer 32

towards outside

Question 33

medial section

Answer 33

towards middle (also saggital section is same as medial view)

Question 34

what is sensory processing

Answer 34

turning sensory information (e.g. sound, light photons, etc) into neuronal activity

Question 35

is sensory information internal or external

Answer 35

can be either

Question 36

examples of sensory information

Answer 36

vision, hunger, feeling cold

Question 37

what does our visual system do - general

Answer 37

turns light into electricity/ action potentials

Question 38

how does visual system work - specific

Answer 38

light photons hit retina (and specialist cells e.g. rods and cones in eye) , causes firing of action potentials brighter light = more action potentials different wavelengths of light = colour action potentials enter optic nerve where sensory neurons converge in back of eye, then enter nervous system

Question 39

consciousness

Answer 39

brain predicts a view of the world based upon perception and prior knowledge