goal directed behaviour

Question 1

what do biological rewards do

Answer 1

motivate behaviour

Question 2

what is the dopaminergic system

Answer 2

the neurons that make dopamine

Question 3

where is the dopaminergic system

Answer 3

ventral midbrain, specifically :

substantia nigra

ventral tegmental area

Question 4

substantia nigra function

Answer 4

movement control and initiation

Question 5

ventral tegmental area function

Answer 5

reward, novelty, motivation

Question 6

the substantia nigra and vta in the ventral midbrain lead to 3 pathways. what are these?

Answer 6

nigrostriatal pathway

ventral striatum

prefrontal cortex

Question 7

where is nigrostratial pathway

Answer 7

from substantia nigra, into dorsal striatum

Question 8

where is ventral striatum

Answer 8

in mesolimbic pathway, from ventral tegmental area

Question 9

ventral tegmental area/ mesolimbic pathway is part of…

Answer 9

midbrain

Question 10

ventral tegmental area/ mesolimbic pathway projects to __ in __ via __

Answer 10

ventral striatum in nucleus accumbens via medial forebrain bundle

Question 11

vta, medial forebrain bundle, and nucleus accumbens - where is dopamine released?

Answer 11

cell bodies in vta

dopamine released in nucleus accumbens

Question 12

what is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Answer 12

cell bodies in vta

travel via medial forebrain bundle

dopamine released in nucleus accumbens

Question 13

what is the mesocortical pathway

Answer 13

cell bodies in vta

travel via medial forebrain bundle

dopamine released in prefrontal cortex

Question 14

what is intracranial self stimulation

Answer 14

short circuiting reward

Question 15

intracranial self stimulation rodent study

Answer 15

stimulating electrodes placed in medial forebrain bundle

activated when rat presses lever

press lever = stimulate medial forebrain bundle

once learned, rats did not stop and deprioritised other behaviours

similar findings in humans too which is brazy, increased activity but purely of pressing lever

Question 16

pavlovian classical conditioning

Answer 16

hungry dawg

bell neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus dog food given alongside, became conditioned stimulus

salivating = conditioned response

Question 17

what is the technical term for what the mesolimbic dopamine neurons do

Answer 17

encode reward prediction error

Question 18

what is the reward/motivation circuit

Answer 18

rewards stimulate release of DA

unexpected rewards most potent

more rewards = more DA

DA acts as learning signal, learn abt environmental cues that lead to reward. if reward not obtained, DA neurons inhibited

motivation to obtain rewards

Question 19

substantia nigra and parkinsons disease

Answer 19

pd is death of substantia nigra

thus substantial movement problems

Question 20

what is substantia nigra dopamine important for - 3

Answer 20

movement initiation

movement termination

smooth movements

Question 21

no substantia nigra means what - 3

Answer 21

being stiff, rigid, frozen

resting tremor

restless leg syndrome (but this can occur without PD)

Question 22

how to treat parkinsons disease

Answer 22

put DA back into system via dopamine agonist or dopamine precursors - these act all over the brain

replacing lost DA

Question 23

what is levadopa

Answer 23

DA, frontline treatment for pd and/or restless leg syndrome

Question 24

what is ropinrole

Answer 24

DA receptor agonist, frontline treatment for pd and/or restless leg syndrome

Question 25

issue with treatments for pd

Answer 25

not selective so DA inc all over brain mesolimbic system may get overstimulated causing compulsive behaviours e.g. compulsive gambling, hypersexuality, binge eating

Question 26

how are dopamine neurons activated

Answer 26

in the mesolimbic system

Question 27

what makes u feel good

Answer 27

endogenous opioids

Question 28

what are endogenous opioids

Answer 28

peptide neuromodulators

Question 29

how many types of endo opioids are there

Answer 29

3

Question 30

what are the 3 types of endo opioids

Answer 30

endorphins enkephalins dynorphins

Question 31

what are endorphins important for

Answer 31

reward and motivation endogenous analgesia

Question 32

morphine, codeine, heroin, etc mimick what

Answer 32

endorphins

Question 33

what are endo opioids synthesised as

Answer 33

propeptides

Question 34

what are neuromodulators

Answer 34

regulate release of other neurotransmitters

Question 35

what can inhibit tonic DA firing and how do endorphins change this

Answer 35

tonic GABAergic interruptions endorphins inhibit GABA release from interneurons thus dec inhibition of DA neurons = more DA

Question 36

role of GABA

Answer 36

control , prefrontal cortex works alongside vta impulse function

Question 37

what is executive function

Answer 37

long term planning withholding impulsive behaviour cognitive control

Question 38

where is executive function

Answer 38

prefrontal cortex

Question 39

executive function is impaired in

Answer 39

addicts impaired executive function probs not caused by drug use they know there is a problem but cannot control own behaviour

Question 40

where is the prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

rostral to primary motor cortex

Question 41

executive function requires what region

Answer 41

prefrontal cortex

Question 42

what can prefrontal cortex do

Answer 42

imagine things without having seen them working memory abstract reasoning high order, flexible decision making executive functioning

Question 43

two regions of prefrontal cortex and function

Answer 43

dorsal - thoughts and attention ventral - emotion

Question 44

when does prefrontal cortex fully develop - fully myelinate

Answer 44

late 20-30

Question 45

symptoms of frontal cortex damage

Answer 45

difficulty planning sequence needed to complete task loss of spontaneous interactions loss of flexibility in thought perseveration - persistence of single thought or action inability to focus on one task emotional lability abulia socially inappropriate behaviour personality change difficulty problem solving excessive aphasia hemiplegia (all very humanly, high order complex functions)

Question 46

what brodmann areas is dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 46

46 and probs 9

Question 47

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex roles

Answer 47

working memory abstract reasoning topdown regulation of attention projects to hippocampus encodes long term memory more rostral = more abstract

Question 48

where does morality live

Answer 48

rostral part of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 49

ventromedial prefrontal cortex - which broddman area

Answer 49

25

Question 50

ventromedial prefrontal cortex role

Answer 50

regulation of emotion represent reward and punishment, consideration of them calculating value of something output to limbic system then autonomic (pain)

Question 51

what is delay gratification

Answer 51

hiding reward, distracting ability to delay gratification at age 4 predicts future e.g. educational performance, parental evaluation of success, alevel scores, bmi, use of cocaine, performance on similar task testing control at age40

Question 52

alternate explanations to stanford marshmallow test - 4

Answer 52

trust predictability salience/ hunger unstable home environments

Question 53

what does the stroop task test

Answer 53

cognitive control, activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 54

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 54

may be activated as part of cog control looks for errors and mismatches, communicates to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 55

anterior cingulate cortex brodmann areas

Answer 55

24, 33, 32

Question 56

prefrontal cortex is sensitive and impaired by to what

Answer 56

stress

Question 57

what is stress mediated by (3) and results in what

Answer 57

inc catecholamine release, esp noradrenaline fatigue alcohol results in poor decision making