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371 > Consciousness Sleep and Learning > Flashcards

Consciousness Sleep and Learning Flashcards

go thu lec recording of that colourful ass slide like halfway thru xx (58 cards)

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1
Q

what is fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

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2
Q

what does fMRI measure

A

‘Blood Oxygen Level Dependent’ Signal

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3
Q

fMRI strengths - 4

A

functional

in real time

good spacial resolution

no radiation

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4
Q

fMRI limitations -3

A

poor temporal resolution

subject is very restricted

aversive environment

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5
Q

what is the resting state

A

State against which activation of brains
regions is compared in imaging research - aka a baseline

after some years of research we found out this isnt actually a thing (cant ever not thing of anything)

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6
Q

what is the most energy-hungry organ

A

bren duh

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7
Q

brain is what % of body weight

A

2

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8
Q

what % of energy use in adults is brain

A

20

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9
Q

what % if energy in children is brain

A

40

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10
Q

being extra active adds how much % energy cinsumption

A

10 max

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11
Q

what is default mode network

A

more active during resting states and internally focused thoughts (like daydreaming or introspection) and less active when engaged in externally focused tasks - stimulus independent thoughts

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12
Q

where is default mode network

A

medial cortical regions - frontal temporal, parietal

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13
Q

what is Paradoxical Functional
Facilitation

A

turning down A (mainly prefrontal cortex) or damage to A, enhances B

(A and B being functions)

seems to be related to creativity

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14
Q

Default Mode Network (Medial Cortical Regions) are inhibited
by prefrontal regions when engaged in a task, especially ___

A

language

(when talking, thinking about what ur saying or saying next, other functions shut down)

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15
Q

default mode network inhibiting is weakened when

A

with age

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16
Q

default mode network inhibiting is impaired in certain dementias - 2 examples

A

frontotemporal dementia (picks disease)

primary progressive aphasia

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17
Q

thus, what is a rare unrecognised early sign of onset of dementia

A

sudden, intense, repetitive creativity

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18
Q

what is Frontotemporal dementia

A

most common form of dementia in patients under 65 (but still rare)

often restricted to 1 hemisphere

lots of variance in presentation

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19
Q

Frontotemporal dementia - ___ have known familial cause

A

20%

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20
Q

Frontotemporal dementia - ___ have strong family history

A

40%

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21
Q

Frontotemporal dementia poor outlook - why (2)

A

limited treatment options

slow progression

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22
Q

Frontotemporal dementia presentation - 6

A

prog deterioration of behaviour or cog

behavioural disinhibition

apathy/inertia

loss of sympathy/ empathy

decline of executive function - verbal/language impairment, memory usually not affected

changes in diet

NOT PSYCHIATRICCCCCC

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23
Q

Frontotemporal dementia case study

A

anne adams

cell biologist

quit science in mid-40s, decided to become a painter - painted obsessively with repetitive motifs

diagnosed with a form of Frontotemporal dementia

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24
Q

____% of people with bvFTD (Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia) have committed a crime

25
what occurs in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
inetgration of gut and logic: decision making based on moral judgement, emotion, values, self- referential (decisions about ourselves), impulse
26
what is propofol
common general anaesthetic
27
how does propofol work
maayyyybe via GABA? we dont rly know
28
what is diethyl ether
first general anaesthesia
29
disorders of consciousness - 6
coma vegetative state delirium hallucinations dementia temporal lobe epilepsy
30
what is temporal lobe epilepsy - 3 types of seizures
simple partial seizures complex partial seizures secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures
31
what is epilepsy
Synchronous (abnormal) firing of large groups of neurons
32
what is EEG
Electroencephalography
33
what is Electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity in cerebral cortex (measures groups of neurons firing tgt, not really action potentials) measures characteristics waves - oscillations temporal, not spatial
34
temporal vs spacial
Temporal brain activity refers to the timing and sequencing of neural events, while spatial brain activity concerns the location and distribution of those events across brain regions
35
what are simple partial seizures
no loss of consciousness a sense emotional, auditory, olfactory, gustatory deja vu
36
what are complex partial seizures
most common type of seizure in TLE imapired consciousness unusual behaviour automatisms - lip smacking
37
what are secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures
extends beyond temporal lobe full blown seizure
38
personality traits in TLE together name
geschwind syndrome - not restricted to seizure phase
39
geschwind syndrome - 7 aspects
hypergraphia hypo sexuality emotional viscosity/ stickiness turbulent emotions mood swings psychotic and quasi psychotic phenomena hyper religiosity
40
hypergraphia meaning
writes copiously (not necessarily in a creative way) and keep voluminous diaries
41
hypo sexuality meaning
decreased interest in sexual matters often resulting in marital disharmony
42
emotional viscosity or stickiness meaning
anxiety, obsessionality, dwelling on minor matters, difficulty in terminating conversations, inc interest in spiritual or ideational issues in absence of pragmatic interests
43
turbulent emotions meaning
irritability, agitation, anxiety, restlessness, paranoia
44
mood swings meaning
more commonly depression or dysphoria with occasional elation
45
psychotic and quasi-psychotic phenomena meaning
intermittent hallucinations, delusional thinking, etc
46
hyper religiosity meaning
very religious , often ritualistically so, out of sync with family or culture
47
there is a hypothesis that TLE contributes to - (2)
artists and intense religious experiences
48
in sleep, everything except what is turned off
thalamocortical section in cortex - third order neuron
49
stages of sleep -2
rapid eye movement sleep REM non-rem sleep
50
stages of no rem sleep
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3
51
compare NREM vs REM
NREM = early night, less deep REM = late night, deeper sleep (but go back n forth between two throughout night)
52
what happens in non rem sleep - 3
* Processing the days experience * Consolidating memories, especially declarative memories * Clear out the Hippocampus, long term memories eventually stored in the cortex
53
what happens in rem sleep
integrating new memories with existing emotional processing of new memories dreaming
54
what happens when we dream
cognitively acting out memories and experiences brain very active but body is not - thalamus prevents outgoing motor commands, muscle atonia
55
wtf is muscle atonia
refers to the temporary loss of muscle tone or paralysis of skeletal muscles, esp during rem sleep
56
what does sleep deprivation lead to - 4
drastically impaired learning as failure to clear temporary store in hippocampus atrophy - smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex DEATH??? fatal familial insomnia
57
what is fatal familial insomnia
rare genetic disorder progressive neurodegeneration of thalamus symptoms develop mid adulthood die from lack of sleep
58
how does alcohol impair sleep - 5
initally causes sedation (quicker to sleep and reach NREM3) reduces REM over relaxes certain muscles - snoring, resulting in waking up more often rebound effects of alcohol metabolism cause wakefulness impairs memory

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