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371 > Intelligence, Attention, and Brain Imaging > Flashcards

Intelligence, Attention, and Brain Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

what does iq stand for

A

intelligence quotient

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2
Q

when and why was the term iq developed

A

early 20th century to identify children struggling academically (sounds great but ended up being eugenics oops)

also og qs were culturally anchored to US, rooted

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3
Q

what is flynn effect

A

iq scores have been steadily rising for decades for reason, until recently and now its plummeting (commonly tiktok and short term attention span social media is blamed but unconclusive)

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4
Q

what makes a good cognitive test

A

standardised so allows comparisons

reliable - same test 2x same results

valid - measures what is aimed to be measured

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5
Q

are iq tests reliable

A

hell yea

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6
Q

are iq tests standardised

A

yes

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7
Q

are iq tests valid

A

eh we dont know - what are they actually measuring?

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8
Q

what is the most common iq test

A

weschler adult intelligence scale

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9
Q

weschler adult intelligence scales result is called what

A

full-scale IQ
FSIQ

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10
Q

two sections FSIQ full scale iq is broken down into

A

verbal IQ
VIQ

performance IQ
PIQ

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11
Q

two sections VIQ verbal iq is broken down into

A

verbal comprehension index
VCI

working memory index
WMI

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12
Q

what is VCI verbal comprehension index - 4

A

vocab
similarities
info
comprehension

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13
Q

what is WMI working memory index -3

A

authentic
digit span letter-number sequencing

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14
Q

two sections PIQ performance iq is broken down into

A

perceptual organisation index
POI

processing speed index
PSI

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15
Q

what is POI perceptual organisation index - 3

A

pic completion

block design

matrix reasoning

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16
Q

what is matrix reasoning

A

test used in POI perceptual organisation index component

abstract nature its giving ucat tbh

abstract cog process - pattern finding

measures accuracy and speed

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17
Q

what is PSI processing speed index - 2

A

digit symbol coding

symbol searching

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18
Q

what is the digit symbol coding test

A

tests PSI processing speed index

blank sheet, numbers between 1-9 in rows, corresponding symbols, have to fill in

accuracy and speed

also abstract

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19
Q

how are iq scores mapped

A

they are ordinal - in order but arent fully scaled - e.g. score off 100 not twice as smart as 50)

averaged out at 100 , bell shaped distribution

0-130

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20
Q

iq and risk of death

A

higher iq = longer life

(number of deaths according to iq after 20 years were measured in the study)

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21
Q

what is iq correlated with -4

A

academics

job performance

income

crime? (or being caught)

*not absolute prediction dont be silly
prediction is heritable! but we dont know how or which genes contribute to iq - importance of synaptic plasticity?

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22
Q

what is iq not correlated with - 6

A

practical intelligence

emotional intelligence

long term memory

happiness

personality

motivation

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23
Q

what is spearman’s g

A

model of iq
performance of diff
cog tasks is correlated - verbal, spatial, numerical, reasoning (ie being good at one means ur likely to do well in others but not complete correlation)

this suggests general underlying factor for intelligence - g

AND

task specific factors - s (aka the non g stufff that is specific to being good at verbal, spatial, etc)

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24
Q

g can be split into …

A

fluid

crystal

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25
what is fluid
unlearned
26
what is crystal
learned
27
link between iq score (or g) and brain size
eh modest relationship at best
28
link between iq score (or g) and sex
no overall diff but women better at verbal men better at spatial may be reflected in correlations with size of different brain regions
29
link between iq score (or g) and lateral part of prefrontal cortex
initally thought to be centre of intelligence as working memory is here but probs just networks of structures
30
what are the main theories of the neurobiology of g - 4
parietal-frontal integration theory multiple demand theory process overlap theory network neuroscience theory
31
what do we acc know about neurobiology of g - 4
some theories efficiency and connectivity (between neurons) is more important than size of brain myelination is strong predictor of iq in early years attention is fundamental to all models/ theories - in diff ways and diff elements/ areas but is always relevant
32
what is selective attention
ability to focus on a specific object, location, message or other stimulus we have limited attentional resources to allocate complex or novel stuff requires more practice improves ability to pay attention, becomes automatic similar to/overlaps with cognitive overload stroop task is type of selective attention
33
where is attention
various networks, depends on attention system mostly parietal
34
what does the stroop task test - gorilla one
selective attention
35
what are the three main attention systems
alerting - basic, primal orienting executing - most complex
36
how many attention systems are there
3
37
what is alerting system
attends to danger/ safety
38
where is alerting system
subcortical
39
how is alerting system tested
by testing vigilance tonic alerting - attention to low frequency events if a snake was to come out of the floor, we attend to the threat although we are not constantly worried about it think of it as a radar, activated by warnings recruits autonomic nervous system via thalamus and limbic system to cortex role of adrenergic system/ locus coeruleus in ptsd, increases
40
what is the noradrenaline system important for
important for attention but not sure why - all types of attention
41
noradrenaline system made by what and projected where
made by locus coeruleus project throughout cortex
42
noradrenaline system and ADHD
hypoactive in ADHD ritalin, front line treatment for ADHD, keeps noradrenaline in synapse for longer
43
noradrenaline system can be targeted by -2- resulting in
ritalin in adhd cocaine, amphetamine (psychostimulants) result in inc attention partially explains paranoia
44
what is the orienting system
attention to sensory location or modality watching tv, navigating traffic, catching a ball attending to relevant elements of warning
45
where is orienting system - 3
ventral frontal cortex - signals something new to attend to signals to temporo parietal junction - allows us to break attention to what we previously were paying attention to prior to new signal pulvinar nucleus of thalamus - initial filtering of external stimuli
46
what prompts us to attend to something - 3
we are blind to something changing slowly movement causes us to attend to it, esp in periphery view (evolutionary) changes in lighting emotionally salient things - if we were hungry and bowl of food changes or phobia of spiders and spider appears
47
what is executive attention
concentration, conscious controlled attention - also known as focal attention top-down control, select and concentrate, filter out others
48
where is executive attention
potentially: two separate networks, fronto parietal network (cables that connect parietal and frontal, allowing us to switch between tasks and initate focus) and cinguloopercular network (allows us to maintain attention on something - maintenance)
49
laterality and attention - what side is more dominant
right hemisphere is normally dominant for attending to sensory stimuli esp orienting system - temporoparietal junction
50
right hemisphere lesion parietal attention areas leads to
severe left neglect - hemineglect
51
left hemisphere lesion parietal attention areas leads to
partial right neglect (as not dominant)
52
bilateral lesion parietal attention areas leads to
severe right neglect
53
common cause of lesions
stroke
54
what is a stroke
when blood supply is limited
55
two types of stroke
ischaemic stroke haemorrhagic stroke
56
what is an ischaemic stroke
most common artery blocked by blood clot cell death from hypoxia and lack of glucose
57
what is a haemorrhagic stroke
artery breaks or leaks hypertension, aneurysm, etc cell death from inc intracranial pressure and inflammation hypoxia and lack of glucose
58
methods to observe human brain - 6
lesion/deficit model ct scans - computerised tech pet scans - positron emission tomography mri - mag. resonance imaging fmri - functional magnetic resonance imaging eeg = electroencephalography
59
lesion/ deficit model
brain damage is linked to behavioural change - think phineas gage
60
lesion/deficit strengths - 3
direct real, natural can do pre and post behaviour and compare
61
lesion/deficit limitations - 3
variable temporal challenges - change in behaviour will change over time ethics - animal models often used
62
what is ct
computerised tomography series of x rays
63
ct strengths - 5
quick cheap good visualisation of blood and bone 3d reconstruction best in emergency
64
ct limitations - 3
uses ionising radiation not good for soft tissue like brain just gives snapshot in time
65
mri strengths - 3
soft tissue detail different protocols depending on what you want to see no radiation
66
mri limitations - 4
slow expenny claustrophobic metal causes problem due to magnet used
67
what does a ct haemorrhage / bleed look like in right hemisphere
blood on right appears bright midline shift towards left due to inc pressure (wonky spine vibes) ventricles appear dark - compressed fluid, blood pushing and compressing ventricles
68
what does a ct ischaemic stroke look like/ blood cut off
large dark regions, esp on right midline is normal as no blood leaking into brain, no inc pressure
69
78 yr old man is unconscious, suspected of suffering haemorrhagic stroke. most appropriate imaging method to test for this?
ct

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