AT4: Respiratory System

Question 1

Function of respiratory system

Answer 1

To get oxygen (nutrients) into the body and carbon dioxide (wastes) out

E.g o2 absorbed from atmosphere (inhalation) and CO2 expelled from body (exhalation)

Question 2

What is the respiratory tract lined by

Answer 2

Mucous membrane

Question 3

What is the respiratory tract

Answer 3

The passage formed by the mouth, nose, throat and lungs which air passes through during breathing (inspiration+expiration)

Question 4

What does the respiratory tract consist of

Answer 4

Upper and lower respiratory tract

Question 5

What does the nose include

Answer 5

Nasal cavities include the nasal septum and sinuses

Question 6

Structure of the nose

Answer 6

-mucous membrane
- contains hairs inside nose
- large irregular cavity

Question 7

Function of nose

Answer 7

To warm, moisten and filter air entering the respiratory systen

Question 8

Function of hair and mucous in nasal cavity

Answer 8

To prevent entry of inhaled pathogens as part of the first line of defence

Question 9

Location of nose in reference to pharynx

Answer 9

Superior to the pharynx
Rostral to the pharynx

Question 10

Common name for pharynx

Answer 10

Throat

Question 11

Structure of pharynx

Answer 11

Contains different tissue types; mucous membranes, submucosa and smooth muscle
3 parts

Question 12

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

Answer 12

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeal pharynx

Question 13

What is the nasopharynx

Answer 13

Superior

Question 14

What is the oropharynx

Answer 14

Middle

Question 15

What is the laryngeal pharynx

Answer 15

Inferior

Question 16

Function of pharynx

Answer 16

To provide a passageway for food and air
To warm,moisten and protect from infection (mucous membrane)
To assist with speech
To assist with hearing (nasopharynx)

Question 17

Function of pharynx linked with another system function

Answer 17

Pharynx provides passageway for bolts to oesophagus-> food into D.S
Passageway for o2-> o2 into blood to be transported around body (CVS)
Traps inhaled pathogens-> prevent infection (immune)

Question 18

Larynx common name

Answer 18

Voice box

Question 19

Structure of larynx

Answer 19

Flexible
Composed of different types of cartilage-> thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid

Question 20

Function of larynx (respiratory )

Answer 20

To provide a pathway for air from pharynx to trachea whilst stopping food and liquids entering respiratory tract

Question 21

Function of larynx speech

Answer 21

To house the vocal cords which manipulate pitch and volume for sound and speech

Question 22

Pulmonary aspiration

Answer 22

Condition in which food, liquids, saliva or vomit is breathed into the airways

Question 23

How to prevent aspiration during swallowing

Answer 23

1. Larynx lifts up to level of epiglottis
2. Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx
3. Food bolus passes into the oesophagus

Question 24

How does larynx produce speech

Answer 24

Houses the vocal cords, which are 2 bands of smooth muscle in the larynx
Vibrate as air passes through them (exhalation) to produce sound

Question 25

Upper respiratory tract components

Answer 25

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx

Question 26

Larynx location in relation to oesophagus

Answer 26

Ventral to oesophagus Anterior to oesophagus

Question 27

Which part of larynx prevents food entering the trachea

Answer 27

Epiglottis

Question 28

Function of epiglottis

Answer 28

To prevent food entering the trachea

Question 29

Lower respiratory tract components

Answer 29

Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs

Question 30

What is the Trachea

Answer 30

‘Windpipe’ that travels the the 5th thoracic vertebra then divides into the left and right bronchi

Question 31

Structure of trachea

Answer 31

Compromises 3 layers of tissue; - outermost layer= both elastic+ fibrous tissue which encloses cartilage (tougher, protection) - middle layer= cartilage with bands of smooth muscle - inner lining= columnar epithelial ciliated with mucous secreting cells present

Question 32

What is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 32

Found in trachea and traps and sweeps out any pathogens within the respiratory tract

Question 33

Function of trachea

Answer 33

To provide a pathway for air between the larynx and the bronchus

Question 34

Structure of bronchus

Answer 34

Smooth muscle surrounded by hyaline cartilage rings which provide structural support Right and left bronchus Right bronchus is shorter and wider

Question 35

Function of bronchus

Answer 35

To provide a pathway for air between the trachea and bronchioles

Question 36

What is the purpose of smooth muscular walls of the bronchi

Answer 36

Ensure airways are kept open Allow for constriction and dilation of bronchi-> regulating airflow Enables body to adjust airflow during diff. Activities

Question 37

Structure of bronchioles

Answer 37

Right bronchus- smaller branches into 3 bronchioles (1 for each lobe on right side) Left bronchus- smaller branches into 2 bronchioles (1 lobe for each lobe on left)

Question 38

How many lobes are on the right lung

Answer 38

3

Question 39

How many lobes are on the left lung

Answer 39

2

Question 40

Bronchial tree conduction pathway

Answer 40

Nose-> pharynx-> larynx-> trachea-> right and left bronchus-> bronchioles NOTE; alveoli not included in conduction pathway

Question 41

Similarity between bronchi and bronchioles structure

Answer 41

Both contain smooth muscle

Question 42

Difference between bronchiole and bronchi structure

Answer 42

Bronchi are larger and wider airways than bronchioles Bronchioles are smaller

Question 43

Alveoli structure

Answer 43

Single cell thick Surrounded by capillary network

Question 44

Function alveoli

Answer 44

To exchange o2 and co2 molecules to and from the bloodstream (gaseous exchange/pulmonary diffusion)

Question 45

How does structure of alveoli help achieve function

Answer 45

Single cell thick-> more efficient gaseous exchange Surrounded by capillary network-> allow for easy pulmonary diffusion of o2 and co2 molecules to and from bloodstream due to shorter pathway

Question 46

Where are the lungs located

Answer 46

In the thoracic cavity

Question 47

Structure of lungs

Answer 47

Cone shaped with and apex, base, tip, costal and medial surface

Question 48

Function of lungs

Answer 48

To provide gas exchange between the blood and the external environment

Question 49

What type of membrane surrounds the lungs

Answer 49

Serous membrane (double layered sac)-> secretes fluid

Question 50

What are the lungs covered by

Answer 50

The pleura

Question 51

Structure of pleura

Answer 51

Visceral pleura-> covers the lungs including each fissure and lobe Parietal pleura-> covers the inner chest wall of the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

Question 52

Function of pleura

Answer 52

To provide lubrication-> reduce friction during movement of lungs during breathibg

Question 53

Diffusion

Answer 53

Gases moving from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration (passive transport)

Question 54

What process are gases changed by

Answer 54

Diffusion

Question 55

What do the respiratory and CVS work together to do

Answer 55

Both work together to transfer and transport gas molecules (o2 and co2) around the body

Question 56

Ventilation

Answer 56

Movement if air into and out of the lungs via inspiration and exhalation-> mechanical V=RR xTV

Question 57

Respiration

Answer 57

The exchange of gases (o2+ co2) from the external environment to the cells of the body and vice versa

Question 58

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 58

The chemical reactions in cells that use o2 to break down glucose to release energy Occurs in the mitochondron

Question 59

Gaseous exchange

Answer 59

Movement of o2 from the lungs to the bloodstream and elimination of co2 from the bloodstream to the lungs down a concentration gradient