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ATP Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

synthetic reactions
genesis
glycogenesis

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown reactions
lysis
glycolysis

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3
Q

Why is metabolism important?

A

Energy is required for:
- motion
- transport
- biosynthesis
- thermoregulation

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4
Q

Cells requires sources of free energy

A

maintaining life requires constant investment in energy, when a cell can no longer obtain energy it dies and decays

  • free energy is energy available to perform work and is
    accquired from nutrient molecules

C6H12O6+6)2->6CO2+6H2O+ energy

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5
Q

Enthalpy (H)

A

the heat content of the reacting system

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6
Q

Entropy (s)

A

the randomness or disorder in a system

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7
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

energy capable of doing work at a constant temp and pressure

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8
Q

In cells the enthalpy change (deltaH) reflects

A
  • the chemical bonds broken and formed
  • delta H is positive when energy is absorbed by the
    reaction (endothermic)
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9
Q

In cells the change in entropy (delta S) describes

A

the formation of large complex proteins from smaller molecules or vice verse

  • delta S is positive when randomness increases
    (breaking a bigger molecule into smaller molecule)
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10
Q

Gibbs free energy equation

A
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11
Q

For a reaction to occur spontaneous delta G must be

A

negative (energy is released by the reaction)

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12
Q

Catabolism is endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic
products have less free energy and so are more stable than the reactants

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13
Q

exergonic reactions

A
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14
Q

endergonic reactions

A
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15
Q

Coupling of reactions:

A

an endergonic reaction can be driven in the forward direction by coupling it to an exergonic reaction

the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy to drive an unfavourable reaction

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16
Q

ATP is the energy currency of the cell

A

achieved by phosphate group transfer

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17
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • formation of ATP by the transfer of a phophoryl froup
    from a substrate to ADP
  • distinguished from respiration linked phosphorlyation
  • substrate level phosphorylation requires soluble
    enzymes and chemical intermediates
  • respiration linked phosphorylates involve membrane
    bound enzymes and transmembrane gradients of
    protons and require oxygen
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18
Q

Enzymes influence the delta G of the reaction.

True or False?

A

False
DOES NOT INFLUENCE DELTA G

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19
Q

cofactors and coenzymes

A
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20
Q

prosthetic groups

A
  • non-protein cofactor that is covalently bound to the
    enzyme
  • not released as part of the reaction
  • acts as a temporary store for e—– or reaction
    intermediates
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21
Q

What vitamin is a precursor for FAD/FMN coenzyme?

A

B2 (riboflavin)

22
Q

What vitamin is a precursor for NAD+?

23
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+):

A

NAD+ and NADP+ accept PAIRS of e- to form NADH or NADPH

it is the nicotinamide that is the functional part of the molecule

24
Q

NADH for
NADPH for

A
  • ATP synthesis
  • reductive biosyntheses
25
Recycling of NADH and FADH2 is via the
respiratory chain in the mitochondria OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
26
summary of energy metabolism
27
glycolysis summary
28
2 fates of pyruvate
- aerobic: oxidation and complete degradation - hypoxic: reduced to lactate
29
structure of mitochondria
30
Transport of pryuvate into the mitochondria:
- aerobic: pyruvate transport occurs via the specific carrier protein embedded in the mitochondrial membrane - pyruvate undergoes oxidative deccarboxylation by the ***pryuvate dehydrogenase complex to form acetyl CoA - reaction is irreversible and is the direct physical link link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
31
Reaction equation the is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
pyruvate +CoA + NAD+ -> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
32
Glycolysis priming stages
Glucose-G3P is training stage because energy needs to be put in; ENERGY REQUIRED!!! Committed step is F6P to FBP; by phosphofructoskinase-1; want more G3P
33
Glycolysis payoff stages
GAPDH changes G3P to 1,3 BGP by reducing 1 NAD to NADH **PGK uses substrate level phosphorylation to change 1,3 BGP to 3-phosphoglycerate Mutase changes 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phospho-glycerate Enolase changes this into phosphophenolpyruvate ***Which is turned into pyruvate by PRYUVATE KINASE; also substrate level phosphorylation
34
Fate of pyruvate: Why has this system of lactate production evolved?
RBC do not have mitochondria so no Kreb cycle so always make lactacte, which is taken to liver
35
A hydride ion
Is a proton with two electrons
36
Kerbs/Citric acid cycle
37
Kerbs/Citric acid cycle: 2 carbon acetyl groups are fed into the cycle which
Enzymatically oxidises them to CO2; the energy released is stored as either ATP, NADH, FADH2
38
What are the 9 steps of the critic acid cycle?
1) oxaloacetate joins Acetyl CoA to form citrate 2) citrate is converted to isocitrate 3) isocitrate id decarboxylated to alpha ketoglutarate (NADH produced) 4) succinate CoA is added to alpha ketoglutarate by oxidative decarboxylation (NADH produced) 5) succinyl CoA converted to succinate (ATP) 6) succinate is dehydrogenated to fumarate (FADH2) 7) fumurate hydrated to malate 8) malate dehydrogenated to oxoaloacetate (NADH) 9) Citric acid cycle begins again
39
Step 1 of the citric acid cycle:
- acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate joined by enzyme citric synthesis in a condensation reaction to form citrate
40
Step 2 of the citric acid cycle
Aconitase enzyme converts citrate into isocitrate
41
Step 3 of the citric acid cycle
Enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase -> Isocitrate is decarboxylated to alpha ketoglutarate using NAD and creating NADH
42
Step 4 of the citric acid cycle:
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase -> alpha ketoglutarate and succinate CoA join to form succinyl CoA, CO2 and uses NAD and forms NADH
43
Step 5 of the citric acid cycle
Enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase converts succinate to succinyl CoA via substrate level phosphorylation producing ATP
44
Step 6 of the citric acid cycle:
Enzyme Succinate dehydrogenase -> Succinate is dehydrogenated to fumurate generating FADH2
45
Step 7 of the citric acid cycle
Enzyme fumurase hydrates fumurate to malate
46
Step 8 of the citric acid cycle
Enzyme Malate dehydrogenase -> Malate is dehydrogenated to oxaloacetate generating NADH
47
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE PRODUCT TALLY:
1 turn of cycle: 2 carbons enter (acetyl CoA), 2 carbons leave (CO2 x2) For one glucose molecule: Glycolysis: 4 ATP, NADH Citric acid cycle: - 3 x NADH x2 = 6NADH - 1x ATP x2 = 2 ATP - 1 x FADH2 x 2 = 2 FADH2
48
Regulation of the citric acid cycle
- flow of carbon atoms from pyruvate into and through the citric acid cycle is tightly regulated at 2 levels: 1) conversion of pyruvate into acetyl Co-A (PDH reaction) 2) entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle (citrate synthase reaction) 3) isocitrate dehydrogenase to alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction
49
Regulation of the TCA cycle
50
The electron transport chain
- NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidised using electron transport proteins - series of coupled oxidation and reduction reactions - electron transport chain or respiratory chain - terminal acceptor of electrons is O2 which is REDUCED to H20
51
ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation utilises ——- energy and ——— ——- energy caused by a difference in the ———— provided by ——- pumping from the ——- to the ———- ——- by complexes —-, ——-, ——. The ——- motive force (the separation of charge between the ———— and the ———— ———) drives the synthesis of ATP using the enzyme ——— ————-
- electrical - chemical potential - proton concentration - proton pumping - mitochondrial matrix - inter membrane space - 1 - 3 - 5 - proton motive force - intermembrane space - mitochondrial matrix - ATP synthase
52
ATP synthase
- composed to structures F0 and F1 - F0 resides in the innner membrane of mitochondria - F1 projects into the matrix - as H+ flows through the membrane, the cylinder within F0 and the y shaft rotate - as the y shaft interacts with each of the beta subunits of F1, they change conformation and facilitate the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

NME (52 decks)

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