Atrial Flagellates

Question 1

Discovered first the Giardia Lamblia.

Answer 1

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

First described by French scientist Dr. F. Lambl and Czechoslovakian scientist Dr. Giard: Cercomonas intestinalis.

Answer 2

Giardia Lamblia

Question 3

Size range: 8-10 um long and 5-16 um wide.

Answer 3

Giardia Lamblia (Trophozoite)

Question 4

Appearance: Bilaterally symmetrical

Answer 4

Giardia Lamblia (Trophozoite)

Question 5

Size range:
- 8-17 um long
- 6-10 um wide
Shape:
- ovoid

Answer 5

Giardia lamblia (Cyst)

Question 6

Stool examination
▪ flatus smell like rotten eggs: hydrogen sulfide
▪ Formed stool: cyst
▪ Liquid, soft stool: trophozoites

Answer 6

Gardia lamblia

Question 7

Found world-wide in lakes, streams, and other water sources.

Answer 7

Giardia lamblia (Epidemiology)

Question 8

Considered to be a non-pathogen.

Answer 8

Giardia lamblia (Clinical Symptoms)

Question 9

This organism is now considered to be the only known pathogenic intestinal flagellates:

• Asymptomatic Carrier State
• Giardiasis ( Traveler’s Diarrhea / Gay bowel syndrome)

Answer 9

Giardia lamblia (Clinical Symptoms)

Question 10

3 Treatments for Giardia lamblia

Answer 10

1. Metronidazole
2. Tinidazole
3. Nitazoxanide

Question 11

Other structure:

• undulating membrane
• extending half of body length
• prominent axostyle that often curves around nucleus
• granules maybe seen along axostyle

Answer 11

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trophozoite)

Question 12

Sexual intercourse is the primary mode of transmission.

Answer 12

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 13

Known to be transferred via contaminated toilet articles or underclothing.

Answer 13

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 14

Asymptomatic Carrier state – most frequently in men.

Answer 14

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 15

Persistent Urethritis
Persistent Vaginitis - strawberry cervix

Answer 15

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 16

Infant infection: conjunctivitis, respiratory infection

Answer 16

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 17

Stool examination: trophozoites

Answer 17

Trichomonas hominis (Diagnosis)

Question 18

Transmission mostly occurs by ingesting trophozoites.

Answer 18

Trichomonas hominis

Question 19

Contaminated milk is one of the source of infection.

Answer 19

Trichomonas hominis

Question 20

Clinical Symptoms is Asymtomatic

Answer 20

Trichomonas hominis

Question 21

Diagnosis:

Specimen of choice is mouth scraping

Answer 21

Trichomonas tenax

Question 22

The exact mode of transmission is unknown.

Answer 22

Trichomonas tenax

Question 23

Epidemiology:

Some evidence suggesting that the use of contaminated dishes and utensils.

Answer 23

Trichomonas tenax

Question 24

Epidemiology:

Introducing droplet contamination through kissing.

Answer 24

Trichomonas tenax

Question 25

Has been known to invade the respiratory tract.

Answer 25

Trichomonas tenax

Question 26

Traditional examination of freshly passed liquid stool.

Answer 26

Chilomastix mesnili

Question 27

It is cosmopolitan in its distribution and prefers warm climate.

Answer 27

Chilomastix mesnili

Question 28

This may occur primarily through hand-to-mouth contamination or via contaminated food or drink.

Answer 28

Chilomatix mesnili

Question 29

First discovered by Wenyo

Answer 29

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 30

Described by Pepps and Dobell

Answer 30

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 31

Originally described as an ameba.

Answer 31

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 32

No cyst stage identified.

Answer 32

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 33

Co-infection with Enterobius vermicularis.

Answer 33

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 34

Differs from the amebic trophozoites when mounted in water preparations.

Answer 34

Hakansson phenomenon — D. fragilis

Question 35

Fixed stool with polyvinyl alcohol or Schaudinn’s fixative.

Answer 35

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 36

Molecular techniques: RT-PCR

Answer 36

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 37

It is transmitted via the eggs of helminth parasites such as Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides.

Answer 37

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 38

Risk of contracting is homosexual men, those living in semi communal groups, and persons who are institutionalized.

Answer 38

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 39

Some species have rudimentary mouth called?

Answer 39

Cytostome

Question 40

Neuromotor apparatus consists of [2]

Answer 40

1. Kinetoplast 2. Axoneme

Question 41

2 Pathogenic

Answer 41

1. Giardia Lamblia 2. Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 42

5 Non- Pathogenic

Answer 42

1. Chilomastix mesnili 2. Trichomonas hominis 3. Trichomonas tenax 4. Enteromonas hominis 5. Retortamonas intestinalis