Blood and Tissue Flagellates II Flashcards by eliz YJH

Q

Leishmania have two morphological forms:

A

Amastigote
Promastigote

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

[5] Causative agent of Leishmania spp.

A

Leishmania tropica
Leishmania mexicana
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania guyanensis

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Baghdad boils, Oriental sore

A

Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Bay sore, Chiclero ulcer,

A

Leishmania mexicana

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Dum dum fever, Kala-azar

A

Leishmania donovani

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Espundia, Uta

A

Leishmania braziliensis

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Forest yaws, Pian bois

A

Leishmania guyanensis

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

infective to humans.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

have single free flagellum arising from kinetoplast at the anterior end.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

promastigote in the proboscis of the insect vector and the one that grow in artificial media.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Lives intracellularly in monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells of the vertebrate host.

A

Amastigotes — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

The reservoir hosts are rodents, dogs, foxes and jackals.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

The infection is usually transmitted by the bite (blood feed) of the female sandfly, genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Human infection has been reported from blood transfusion, congenital transmission, contamination of bite wounds and by contact.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

[2] Clinical types of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania major
Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

found in sparsely inhabited areas.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Wet lesions with severe reaction.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

rapid ulceration; few amastigotes.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

found in more densely populated regions.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Dry lesions with minimal ulceration.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Many amastigotes; persists for months.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Disease: New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, chiclero ulcer, bay sore.

A

Leishmania mexicana

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Cutaneous form, increasing in numbers of infected.

Leishmania mexicana

3 clinical manifestastions of Leishmani Mexicana

1. Cutaneous – Chiclero-ulcer 2. Nasopharyngeal mucosal – rare manifestation 3. Visceral – rare manifestation

main reservoir are rodents.

Leishmania mexicana

2 Uncommon types of Leishmania spp.

1. Leishmania aethiopica 2. Leishmaniasis recidiva

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL): caused by, diffuse nodular non-ulcerating lesions. Low immunity to Leishmania antigens (anergic) numerous parasites. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania aethiopica

lupoid leishmaniasis: severe immunological reaction to leishmania antigen leading to persistent dry skin lesions, few parasites. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania recidiva

Causes espundia, uta or mucotaneous/american leishmaniasis. [leishmania]

Leishmania braziliensis

Found in Central Mexico and Northern Argentina [leishmania]

Leishmania braziliensis

Find LD bodies in tissues. [leishmania]

Leishmania braziliensis

Once cured, lifelong immunity; if dormant may re-occur. [leishmania]

Leishmania braziliensis

Has a clinical picture dominated by great destruction of the nasal mucosa, sometimes with respiratory complications.

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

The most feared form of leishmaniasis because it produces destructive and disfiguring lesions of the face (Tapir nose).

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Espundia: metastatic spread to the oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa.

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

3 Diagnosis of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

1. Smear 2. Biopsy 3. Serologic techniques

Highly specific and of great use in cutaneous leishmaniasis, although the test may be negative in the disseminated form.

Montenegro Intradermal reaction

Cellular immunity depends on T-lymphocytes and becomes positive 24-48 hours after infection.

Montenegro Intradermal reaction

Disease: Visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, dum dum fever.

Leishmania Donovani

Leishmania that mainly affect children.

Leishmania infantum

Leishmania that mainly affects adults.

Leishmania Donovani

There are geographical variations.

Leishmania Donovani

[3] Treatment of Leishmania Donovani

1. First line therapy 2. Second line therapy 3. Liposomal AMB

(Antimonials): SbV, Pentavalent antimonials include sodium stibogluconate and methyl glucamine antimonite. [treatment for leishmania donovani]

First line therapy

Amphotericin B, pentamidine(for kala-azar), metronidazole, nifurtimox. [treatment for leishmania donovani]

Second line therapy

Less toxic than AMB. It has been effective in the primary treatment of VL in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients . [treatment for leishmania donovani]

Liposomal AMB

Disease: Human African Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma brucei

It is caused by [two] subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei, namely:

1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

East Africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs, East African/Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

West and Central Africa, mainly human infection, West African/Gambian sleeping sickness.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

[3] Types of Leishmaniasis

1. Cutaneous 2. Mucocutaneous 3. Visceral

(localized and diffuse) infections appear as obvious skin reactions. [types of leishmaniasis]

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

espundia) infections will start off as a reaction at the bite, and can go via metastasis into the mucous membrane and become fatal. [types of leishmaniasis]

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Infections are often recognized by fever, swelling of the liver and spleen, and anemia. They are known by many local names, Dum Dum Fever, Death Fever and Kala azar. [types of leishmaniasis]

Visceral Leishmaniasis

The most common is the Oriental Sore (caused by species L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica, L. mexicana.) [types of leishmaniasis]

Cutaneous Leishmania

L. braziliensis [types of leishmaniasis]

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Caused exclusively by species of the L. donovani complex (L. donovani, L. infantum syn. L. chagasi) [types of leishmaniasis]

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Found in tropical and subtropical areas of all continents except Australia. [types of leishmaniasis]

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Through the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), the metacyclic trypomastigotes will be inoculated to the blood of the host.

Trypanosoma brucei

[2] Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei

1. Winterbottom's sign 2. Kerandel's sign

Enlarged, non-tender posterior cervical lymph nodes with a consistency of ripe plums. [Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei]

Winterbottom's sign

CNS invasion, more severe headache, increased mental dullness and apathy, tremors, hyperesthesia. [Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei]

Kerandel's sign

more rapid and fatal.

Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis

Occurs in Amazon basin, in Mato Grosso State in Brazil, and in Venezuela. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania pifanol

Isolated only from patients with the diffuse cutaneous form of the disease. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania pifanol

Initial lesion is a single one, often a period of months or years passes before the disease spreads both locally and to distant skin areas. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania pifanol

Irregularly shaped papules. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania pifanol

Do not invade in the viscera, and the patient remains in good health. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania pifanol

Occurs in the Amazon basin of Brazil and is the cause of cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania amazonensis

Reservoir: small forest mammals, including rodents, marsupials, and foxes. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania amazonensis

Principal vector: Lutzomyia sandfly [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania amazonensis

Causes Venezuelan Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania garnhami

Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in a forested area along the River Turbio, state of Lara, Venezuela. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania venezuelensis

Confined to the Western Peruvian Andes, causes a disease in humans known locally as "uta". [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania peruviana

Domestic dog and wild rodent are reservoir hosts and sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia are the vectors. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania peruviana

Occurs in the Guyanas and Northern Brazil; disease known locally as pian bois, reservoir hosts are arboreal sloths and anteaters, and Lutzomyia is the sandfly vector. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania guyanensis

Occurs in Panama, Costa Rica, and Colombia, variety of reservoir hosts, including sloths, rodents, monkeys, and procyonids. Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus sandflies are vectors. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania panamensis

Infections have been reported from Brazil and Peru; Lutzomyia sandflies are the natural vector, and agouti is the wild animal reservoir. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania lainsoni

Reported to infect human in Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama; Litzomyia is the sandfly vector, and the sloth is a natural reservoir. [uncommon types of leishmania]

Leishmania Colombiensis

Specimen of choice of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

punch biopsy