Attachment Flashcards

Question

Findings to Shaffer and Emerson’s research

Answer 1

The data but attachments is shown in the table on the left. Shafran Emerson identified four distinct theism of development of infant attachment behaviour. These make up their stay theory (above).

Answer 2

One strength of Saffron Emerson recess is that it had good external validity. Most of observations (not strange anxiety) were made by parents during or no activities and report to the research. Your alternative would have been to have research as present to record observations. This might have distracted the babies are made them feel more answers. This means it is highly likely that the participants behaved naturally while being observed.

Answer 3

On the other hand, there are issues with asking the mothers to be observers. They were unlikely to be objective servers. They might have been biased in terms of what they noticed, and what they reported, for example, they might not have noticed when the baby was showing signs of anxiety, or they may have Miss remembered it. this means that even if naturally their behaviour may not have been accurately recorded.

Answer 4

One limitation of chauffeur and Emerson stages in the validity of the measures they used to assess attachment in the asocial state. Young babies have poor coordination and are fairly mobile. If babies listen in two months I would felt anxiety every day situations they might have displayed this in quite a subtle heart of ways. This may difficult for mother to serve and report back to research is on signs of anxiety and attachment in this group. This means that babies may actually be quite social, but because of short method, they may be a social.

Answer 5

I know the strength of Shafar and Emerson stages is that they have practical application in the daycare (babies are cared for outside of their home by non-family adult). New line in the social and indiscriminate attachment stages. Daycare is likely to be straightforward as babies can be comforted by any skilled adult. However, an Emerson research tells us that daycare, especially starting daycare with an unfamiliar adult, problematic during the specific attachment study. This means that parents use of daycare can be planned using Shaffer and Emerson, stages.

Answer 6

On the positive side to show for an Emerson space estate account on a large girl study with some good design features. On the other hand, they only looked at one sample, which had unique features in terms of the cult of historical context – 1960s working class Glasgow. In other cultures, for example, collective cultures, multiple attachments form a very early age, I’m more than normal. Consider: on balance, how likely is it that Sophie and Emerson stages generalise to other populations?

Answer 7

In attachment research, the father is anyone who takes on the role of the main male caregiver. This can be, but it’s not necessarily the biological father.

Answer 8

There is a difference between a primary caregiver and a primary attachment figure. A primary caregiver is the person who spent the most time with a baby, caring for its needs. A primary attachment is the person to whom the baby as a strongest attachment. Often the same person fulfil the two roles were not always.

Answer 9

Who says fathers can’t be primary caregivers

Answer 10

Example, on the previous spread, we looked at stay so attachment based on research by Rudolph Shafter and Peggy Emerson. They found that the majority of babies first became attached their mother at around seven months. And only 3% of cases, the father was the first object of attachment. In 27% of cases, the father was the joint first object of attachment with the mother. However, it appears that most phones go on to become important attachment figures, 75% of babies studied by Shaun Emerson formed attachment with her father by the age of 18 months. This was the time by the fact of the babies protested, when their father walked away – as sign of attachment.

Answer 11

A different research question is whether attachment of fathers hold some specific value in a chance to development and, if so, whether it plays a different role in the child development from attachment to the mother. In other words, do male, I don’t care, give us make a unique contribution to early development?

Answer 12

Klaus Grossman carried out a longer Tudal study where babies attachments were studied until they were into their teams. The researcher looked at both parents behaviour and its relationship to the quality of their babies later attachments to other people. Quality of a babies attachment with mothers, but not fathers was related to attachmentsin adolescence. This suggests that attachment to fathers is less important than attachment to mothers. However, Grossman also found that the quality of fathers play with babies was related to the quality of adolescent attachments. This suggested father have a different role for others – the one that is more to do with stimulation, unless to do with the emotional development.

Answer 13

Distinction is made between Parmly and secondary attachment figures. On the previous spread. We describe the first specific attachment as far we attachment and attachments as secondary attachments would happen in stage four. But there is more primary attachment than being first Baby primary attachment has special emotional significance. A babies relationship with their primary attachment figure forms the basis of all later, close emotional relationships. Interestingly There is some evidences suggest that when fathers do take on the role of primary caregiver, they are able to adopt emotional role more typically associated with mothers.

Answer 14

For example, in one study, Tiffany Field filmed four month, old babies, and face-to-face interaction with primary caregiver, our mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers. Primary caregiver fathers, like primary caregiver mothers, spent more time, smiling imitating, and holding babies and the secondary care, give her fathers. Smiling, imitating, and holding babies, are all part of reciprocity and interactional synchrony, which, as we saw on page, simply five are part of the process of attachment formation (research by Isabella). So it seems that fathers have the potential to be more emotional focused primary attachment figure – they provide the responsiveness required for a close emotional attachment. Perhaps only expresses were given the fall of primary caregiver..

Answer 15

The line of research focusing on the role of the father and infant development is based on the assumption that babies have two opposite sex parents. This of course is always the case. Although the research reported here concerns fathers in two parent heterosexual partnerships, there is no suggestions from the respectable psychologist that having single parent or two same parents have any negative impact on children’s development.

Answer 16

One limitation of research into the role fathers is lack of clarity over the questions being asked. The question “what is the role of the father in the context of attachments. It’s much more complicated than it sounds. Some researcher attempting to answer this question actually want to understand the role of fathers, a secondary attachment figures. But others are more concerned with fathers as primary attachment figure. The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role. The latter found that fathers can take on a mental role. This makes a difficult to offer a simple answer as to the role of the father. Really depends what specific role is being discussed.

Answer 17

A limitation of research into the role of fathers is that findings vary according to the methodology used. Longitudinal studies, such as that of Grossman have suggested that father as second attachment figures have an important and distinct role in their children’s development, evolving, playing, and stimulation. However, if fathers have a distinct important role, we will expect that children growing up in single mother and lesbian. Parent families would turn out in someway different from those into parent resection families. In fact studies (McCallum and Golombok close consistently so that these children do not develop differently from children in two parent heterosexual families. This means that the question us to whether fathers have a distinctive remains unanswered.

Answer 18

These lines of research may not in fact being conflict. It could be that far, simply take on distinctive roles in two parent heterosexual families, but that parent and single mother and lesbian parent families simply adapt to accommodate the role-play by fathers. This means that the question of a distinctive role for fathers is clear after all. One present, father to adopt distinctive role, but families can adapt to not having a father.

Answer 19

One strength of research into the role of fathers is that it can be used to offer advice to parents. Parents and prospective parents sometimes organise over decisions like who should take on the primary caregiver role. For some this can even mean worrying about whether they’re having children at all. Mothers, may feel pressured to stay at home because of the disturb typical views of mothers and fathers. Equally fathers may be pressure to focus on work rather than parenting. Some families this may not be economically the best solution. Research into the role of the father can be used to be offer. Reassuring advice to parents. For example, heterosexual parents can be informed our fathers are quite capable of becoming primary attachment figures. Also lesbian, parent and single mother. Families can be informed that not having a father around does not affect a child development. This means that parental anxiety by the roles of fathers can be reduced. reduced.

Answer 20

Preconceptions about fathers do what should be behave, can be created by the physical accounts and images of parenting role and behaviour, for example, those using advertising. These stereotypes (fathers are not private fathers district off) may cause unintentional observer bias by observers, see what they expect to see them, recording objective reality. Consider: what extent do you think that this might have been a problem for studies discussed on the spread?

Answer 21

Animal studies psychology, teacher studies card On nonhumans your epic walk or practical reasons. Because animals breed faster and research is that interest in seeing results across more than one generation of animals.

Answer 22

In the early 20th century, a number of apologists conducted animal studies of the relationships between newborn animals and their mothers. The observations inform psychologist understanding of caregiver infant attachment she was. One of the most popular authorities were Conrad Lawrence

Answer 23

Procedure – as an adult researcher, Lauren set up a classic experiment in which he randomly divided a large clutch of goose eggs. Half the eggs were hatched with the mother Goose in their natural environment. The other hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz.

Answer 24

The incubator group followed Laurens everywhere. Where is the control group, had in the presence of the mother come on follow Todd. When the two groups of mixed up the control group continue to follow the mother of experimental group followed Lawrence. – This process is called imprinting come on whereby species that on mobile from Bath (like Ethan box) attached to follow the first moving object, they see . Lorenz identified a critical period, in which imprinting need to take place. Depending on the species, this can be as brief as a few hours of the hatching (or Birth). If I’m printing, the thought occurred within that time, Laurens van that chicks did not attach themselves to a mother figure. .

Answer 25

Lawrence also investigated the relationship between imprinting and adult mate preferences. He observed that bad is that imprinted on a human, but often they display courtship behaviour towards humans. In a case study at Laurens (1952) described a peacock that had been afraid in the reptile house opposite of where the first moving object, the peacocks or after hatching Were giant tortoises. As an adult, this bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises. Lawrence concluded that this Peacock Had undergone sexual imprinting.

Answer 26

Harry Harlow carried out, perhaps the most important animal research in terms of informing all understanding attachment. Hollow worked with rhesus monkeys, which are much more similar to humans than Lorenz birds .

Answer 27

Harlow served. The newborns, kept a load of the birdcage often died, but That they usually survive, just given something soft like a cloth to cuddle.

Answer 28

Harlow (1958), tested the idea that a soft object Serves some of the functions of a mother. In one experiment, he rude, 16, baby monkeys with two white model models. In one condition, local suspense by the plane, why am other players in a second condition of the local suspense by the club, mother.

Answer 29

The baby monkeys cuddle, the cloth covered mother in preference to the plane by Amador, until comfort from the class, 115 Todd (by Noizy mechanical teddy bear), regardless of which mother dispense milk. This showed that contact comfort was one of the most important, the monkeys, then food when it came to the attachment behaviour.

Answer 30

Harlow and colleagues also followed The monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if this Early maternal deprivation had a problem, perfect. The researchers found a severe consequences. The monkey rude with the plane why mothers only were the most dysfunctional. However, even those red with a cloth covered mother did not develop normal social behaviour. These deprived monkeys were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and a bread less often than is typical for monkey Being unskilled at meeting. When they became mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected, their young and others attacked their children, even killing them in some cases.

Answer 31

I like Lawrence, hollow concluded that there was a critical period for attachment formation – a mother figure had to be introduced to a young monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form. After this time, attachment was impossible and the damage done by Adi deprivation became irreversible .

Answer 32

One strength of Laurens, this research is existence of support for the concert in Princy. I study by Lusia regular and Georgia value of the tiger or supports the words are there in person. Cheeks exposed to simple shape, combinations that moved, such as triangle with a rectangle informed. Arrange a sheep combinations, but then moved in front of them And they followed the original most closely. This supports the view that young animals are born with a mechanism to imprint on a moving object present in the critical window of development, as predicted by Lorenzo.

Answer 33

One limitation of Lorenzo studies ability to generalise findings, inclusions from bad to humans phone. The marmalade attachment system is quite different and more complex than that in bed. For example, in mammals attachment is a two-way process, so it is not just a young you become detached, but the mother is also become attached to the show and emotional ties into the young. This means that it’s probably not appropriate to generalise Lorences ideas to humans.

Answer 34

Although human attachment is very different from that in birds, there have been attempts to use the idea that some cards in Princy explains in behaviour. Free sample, Peter C back (2005) suggested that computer uses exhibit Baby, docs of which is attached to a form to the first computer, operating system, leading them to reject the others. Consider: to what extent is imprinted get useful, I don’t humans.

Answer 35

One strength of hollows research is, it’s important real-world applications, for example. For example, it has Help social workers and clinical psychologist understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development along them to intervene to prevent pull up homes. We also not understand the importance of attachment figures for baby monkeys in zoos and breeding programs in the world. This means that the value policy says it’s not hysterical, but also practical.

Answer 36

One limitation of horrors versus is the ability to generalise findings and conclusions from monkeys to humans. Recess monkeys are much more similar to humans and Lorenzo birds and all my Muslim, attachment behaviour. However, the human right as you can, but if it’s still more complex than of monkeys. This means that it’s not appropriate to generalise. Harlow is fine and the humans.

Answer 37

Ethical issues – hollows research course of the long-term distrust of the monkeys. However, his findings and conclusions have important there at one point to applications. Consider Collin on balance, should Hannah have carried out his research, and should we make use of it?

Answer 38

A set of theories from the behaviourist approach to psychology, that info emphasises the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour. Exclamations for learning of the hairs include classical and operant conditioning.

Answer 39

Learning theory is John Dollard and NEW Miller (1950) proposed that the caregiver infant attachment can be explained by 930. Their approach is sometimes called a cupboard love approach because it emphasises the importance of the attachment figure as a provider of food. But simply they propose that children learn to love, whoever feeds them!

Answer 40

Classical conditioning involves learning to associate to stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we already respond to the other. Die in the case of attachment food served as an unconditioned stimulus. Being fed gives pleasure we don’t have the land that, it doesn’t uncondition of response. – Okay, give starts as a neutral stimulus , Are you it is something that produces no response,. However, when the caregiver provides food over time they become associated with food. When the baby then Caesar’s Parsons, there is a big expectation of food. The neutral stimulus has become a condition stimulus. What is conditioning has taken place the side of the caregiver produces a conditioned response of pleasure. It’s a learning day with this condition. Pleasure responses love, attached is formed on the car, give up becomes an attachment figure.

Answer 41

Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behaviour. If your behaviour produce the present consequence, that behaviour is likely to be repeated again. The behaviour is there to be reinforced. If your behaviour produces a unpleasant consequence (Polish), it is less likely to be repeated. – Opera conditioning can explain why Baby is quite a conference – an important behaviour building attachment. Crying little response from the caregiver for double feeding. As long as a caregiver provide the correct response crime is reinforced. – The baby, then directs crying for comfort towards the caregiver who responds with comforting social suppress their behaviour. – This Reinforcement is a two-way process. At the same time as the baby is reinforced for crying, the caregiver receives negative reinforcement because the crime stops – escaping from something unpleasant is reinforcing. This interplay of mutual reinforcement, strengthens and attachment.

Answer 42

As well as conditioning, learning theory drawers on the concept of drive reduction. Hunger can be thought of as a primary drive – it is an Good night, biological motivator. – We are motivated to eat in order to reduce the hunger drive. Robert says it all suggested that as caregivers provide food, the primary driver of hunger becomes generalised them. Attached is that a 2nd to drive Lan but association between the caregiver on the satisfaction of a Primary drive..

Answer 43

One limitation of learning theory, explanation for attachment is a lack of support from studies conducted in animals. Principal, Lorenzo’s keys imprinted on the first moving object they saw regards the weather the object was associated with food. Also, if we consider hollows research with monkeys come on. There’s no support for the importance of food. When given a choice come on Hollys monkeys displayed attachment behaviour, it was a soft surrogate mother in preference so why won’t provide milk. This song is the fuck is all that association with food or important in the foremost attachments.

Answer 44

The father limitation of learning theory exclamations is lack of support from studies of human babies. Free sample, rid of Saffron, Peggy Amazon (1964). All the babies tend to form that made attachment to the mother of a God of the weather, she was the one who usually fed them. Is another study, Russell Isabella, for the high levels of interactional synchrony predicted the quality of attachment. – These photos are not related to feeding. Is it going to Jess the food is not the main factor in the foremost of human attachments.

Answer 45

One strength of learning theory is the elements of conditioning could be involved in some aspects of attachment. It seems unlikely that association with food places until four and attachment, but can distinctly still play a role. For example of Baby, my associate feeling warm and comfortable with the presence of a particular adult, and this may influence the babies choice of the man attachment figure. This means that loading there, you may still be useful in understanding The development of attachments.

Answer 46

Both classical and operant conditioning exclamations, see the baby playing a relatively passive role in attachment development, simply responding to associations with comfort or award. In fact, research shows that babies take a very active role in the interactions of produce attachment. This means that kind of thing may not be an adequate explanation of any aspect of attachment.

Answer 47

Dial Jaime and Joe Vesper (1988) suggests that parents teach children to love them by demonstrating (modelling) attachment behaviour has come off example hugging. Parents also reinforce loving behaviour by showing approval when Baby split up with his behaviours (giving attention of cuddles to the parents). This social ladder perspective has a further advantage that is Based around to wait interaction between Baby and adult, so it fits better with research into the importance of reciprocity. Consider: to what extent does this theory of attachment get around the problems of earlier learning theory explanations?

Answer 48

-John Bowlby - he REJECTED learning theory as an explanation for attachment . -As he said , if it were true an infant of a yearor two , should readily to whomever feeds him , and this is clearly not the case .

Answer 49

Instead , Bowlby looked at the work of Lorens and Harlow for ideas and proposed an evolutionary explanation . That ttachment was an INATE system that gives up a survival advanatge . So attachment , like imprinting ,e volved asa mechanism to keep young animals safe byensuring theystay close to adult caegivers .

Answer 50

-As he put emphasis on a child's attachment to one particualr caregiver . -He believed , that the childs attahcement to one particualr caregiver . -He beleived that the child's attachment to one caregiver is different and more important than others . -Bowlby called this person 'mother; but it didn't need to be the biological mother .

Answer 51

he put forward two principles to clarify this -the law of continuity stated that the more constant and predictable a child's care the better the quality of their attachment . -the law of accumulated separation - stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose .

Answer 52

Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate 'cute; behaviour's like smiling , cooing and gripping that encourage attention from adults . -he called these social releasers because their purpose is to activate adult social interactions and so make an adult to attach to to the baby . -Bowlby recognised that attachment was a reciprocal process ,both mother and baby ere hardwired to become attached .

Answer 53

Bowlby proposed there is a CRITICAL PERIOD , around 6 months when the infant attachment system is active . -in fact , Bowlby viewed this as a more of a SENSITIVE PERIOD . -A CHILD is maximally sensitive at sixth months and this possibly extends up to the age of two . -If an attachment is not formed in this time ,t he child will find it much harder to form one later .

Answer 54

Bowlby proposed that a child forms a mental representation if their relationship of their relationship with their primary attachment figure . -This is called an internal working model , because it serves as a model for what relationships are like .

Answer 55

However , a child whose first relationship involves poor treatment will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment form others / and or / treat others in that way . Most importantly , the internal working model affects the child's ability to be a parent themselves . -people tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented . *-this explains why children from functional families tend to have similar families themselves .

Answer 56

One limitation of Balby’s theory is that the concept of monarchy lacks validity. Rudolph, Shaffer and Peggy Emerson found out almost most babies, did not attach to one person. At first, a significant minority formed multiple attachments at the same time. Although the first attachment does appear to have a particular strong influence on the later behaviour, this may simply mean it is stronger, not necessarily different in quality from the child’s other attachments , Example are attachments to family members provide all the same key qualities (emotional support, a safe base). This means that Baeeeee may be incorrect that there is a unique equality and importance of the child primary attachment.

Answer 57

One strength of Balby theory is the evidence supporting the role of social release. There is clear evidence that acute baby behaviours are designed to elicit interaction from caregivers. T.Barry Braseltone et Al observed, babies trickle interactions with adults using social releases. The research is done, instructed the babies primary attachment figures to ignore their babies social releases. Babies (who were previously shown to be normally responsive) became increasingly distressed, and some eventually called up and lay motionless. This illustrates the role of social releases in emotional development and suggest that they are important in the process of attachment development.

Answer 58

A further strength of Balby’s theory is support for the internal working model. The idea of the internal working model predicts that patterns of attachment will be passed from one generation to the next. Hi Heidi Bailey assisted attachment relationships in 99 mothers and they’re one year old babies. The researcher measured the mothers attachment to their own primary attachment figures (parents.)

Answer 59

They found that mothers with poor attachment to their own primary attachment figures, most likely to have poorly attached babies. This support Balby‘s idea that mothers ability to form attachments to their babies, is influenced by the internal working models (which turn comes from early attachment experiences).

Answer 60

There are probably other important influence on social development. For example, some psychologist believe that genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affect social behaviour in both babies and adults. These can also impact on their parenting ability. This means that Baeeeee may have overstated the importance of the internal working model in social behaviour and parenting at the expense of other factors. (Korinenko)

Answer 61

The laws of continuity and accumulated separation suggest that mothers who work negatively affected child, emotional development. Feminist like Erica Bergman point out that this belief sets up mother to take the blame for anything that goes wrong for the child in the future. It also gives people excuse to restrict activities, for example, returning to work. On the other hand, prior to Balby’s time, people didn’t think the mothers role was important, and, in fact, many custody disputes were settled in favour of the father, because mothers were not regarded as necessary. Also, Baeeeee’s idea of many applications, such as key workers in daycare building attachment with particular babies daycare, who build attachment with particular babies.

Answer 62

It takes place in a room with quite control conditions (laboratory), with a two-way mirror and – or cameras through which psychologist can observe the babies behaviour.

Answer 63

Proximity – seeking – Baby with a good quality attachment. Will stay fairly close to a caregiver. Ation and secure base behaviour – good attachment, and they was a baby to feel confident to explore, use their caregiver as a secure base, I don’t either or a point of contact that will make them feel safe. – stranger anxiety – one of the signs of becoming close to attached is the display of anxiety when a stranger approaches. -Separation anxiety another sign of becoming attached if the protest at separation from the caregiver. -Response to reunion Baby, who are securely attached, greet the caregiver return with pleasure and seek comfort.

Answer 64

Secure attachment – (type B). These babies, explore happily, but regularly go back to the kebab (proximity, seeking and secure base behaviour). – They usually show moderate separation, distress and moderate, strange anxiety. – Security attached babies require an accept comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage. – About 60 to 75% of British babies are classified as secure, secure.

Answer 65

These babies explore freely, but do not seek proximity or secure base behaviour. They saw – they showed the reaction when the caregiver leaves and little stranger anxiety. They make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns. I may even avoid that contact. – About 20 to 25% of British babies are classified as insecure – avoidant.

Answer 66

These babies seek grace approximately than others influence explore less. – They show high levels of stranger and separation distress, but there was discomfort when reunited with a caregiver. Around 3% of British babies are classified as secure assistant.

Answer 67

One strength of the strain situation is that it’s outcome, predict a number of aspects of the babies related development. A large body of research is showing that babies and toddlers assist as type B (secured to have better outcomes than others, both in later, childhood and an adult hood.

Answer 68

those babies assessed as having insecure assistance attachment and those is not falling into types. ABLC tend to have the worst outcomes. – This suggest a strange situation measures something real and meaningful in a babies development.

Answer 69

The strange situation clearly measures something important that is associated with related development. – However, not all psychologist, believe there is attachment. For example, Jerome Kagan suggested that genetically includes anxiety levels and enable variation attachment behaviour in the storing situation and development. – This means that the strain situation may not actually measure your attachment.

Answer 70

A father strength of the same situation is good interrater reliability the agreement between different observance. Johanna Big, all tested into reliability for the strange situation for a type of train observers and found agreement on attachment type in 94% of cases. – This high level of reliability may because the procedures take place into controlled conditions and behaviours (such as proximity – and stranger, anxiety) involved large movements and are therefore easy to observe. – Example, anxious babies crying away from strangers. – This means that we can be confident that attachment types as assessed by the strange situation does not depend on subject subjective judgements.

Answer 71

One limitation of the strain situation is that it may not be a valid measure of attachment in different cultural context. – – the strange situation was survived in Britain and the USA. It may be quarter bound ie, only valid for uses in certain cultures in case, Western and Europe and USA. – One reason for this is that babies have different experiences, different cultures, and these May affect their responses situation. – For example, in one Japanese study by Kiko Takahashi, babies displayed very hard of the separation anxiety and so I just put fortunate number of a class for insecure system. – Takahashi suggested that this anxiety was not due to attachment, but to the unusual nature experience in Japan, where mother Baby suppression very rare. – This means that is very difficult to know what the strength situation mushroom when they used outside Western Europe and USA.

Answer 72

The controlled observation signed to test attachment security. Babies are assessed on their response to playing in an unfamiliar room being left alone, left with a stranger and being reigned with the caregiver.

Answer 73

Mary main and Judith Solomon identified the fourth capture of attachment disorganised or type of attachment and mix of resistant and avoidant behaviour. However, type D. Babies are unusual and have general experienced some forms for the neglect or abuse. Most will go onto to develop psychological adulthood. Consider Collin to what extended classification of attachment types hold up in the face of the existence of the type.

Answer 74

Marinus van Ijzendoorn and Pieter Krooneneberg (1989) conducted a study to lookat the proportions of secure , insecure - avoidant and insecure - resistant attachments . -Across a range of countries to assess cultural variation . They also looked at the differences within the same countries to get an idea of variations within a culture.

Answer 75

-the researchers located 32 studies of attachment where the strange situation had been used to investigate the proportions of babies with different attachment types . Thee were conducted in eight countries -15 were in the USA . Overall the studies , yielded results for 1990 children . -the data for these 32 studies was meta-analysed . This means that the results of the findings were combined and analysed together ,w weighting each study for its sample size .

Answer 76

The findings are shown on the graph on page 88 , . There was wide variation between proportions of attachment types in different studies . -In all countries , secure attachment was the most common classification . -However ,the proportion varied from 75% in Britain to 50 % in china .

Answer 77

-In individuaqlist cultures , rates of insecure-resistant attachments were similar to Ainsworth's original sample (all under 14%) , but , this was not ture for the collectivist samples from China , Japan and Israel wehre the rates were above (25%) . -(WHERE RATES OF ISNECURE-AVOIDANT ATTACVHEMNT WERE REDUCED . )he same the same country ere actually burh heck the paraph country-An interesting fining was that variations between results f studies within

Answer 78

Alesseandra Simonelii , conducted study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies . -The researcher asses 767 babies aged 12 months using stage situation . -They found 50% were secure , and 36% were insecure-avoidant . -This is lower rate of secure and higher rate of insecure attachment that has been found in other studies . -This researchers suggest this is because increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare. This finding suggest taht patterns of attachment types are no static but vary in cultural change .

Answer 79

Mi young jin conducted a study to compare the proportions attachment types in korea to other studies. -The strange situation w as used to assess 87 babies .l -The overall proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar to those in most countries, with most babies being secure . -However , most of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only baby w as avoidant . -A distribution is similar to the sdistrubbiton of attachment types found in Japan . -Since Japan and Korea have quite similar child rearing styles this similarly mihjht be explained int erms of child rearing style .

Answer 80

secure attachments seems to b the norm in a w de range of cultures , supporting Bowlby's idea that attachment is innate and universal and this ytpe is the universal norm . -However m the research also clearly shows that cultural practices have an influence in attachment type .

Answer 81

-One strength of the research on the facing page , is that most studie swere conducted by indigenous psychologists . -Indigenous psychologists are those fromt he same cultural background as the participants . -This kind of research means that many of the potential problems in cross-cultural research can be avoided , such as researchers misunderstanding the language used by participants or having difficulty communicating instructions with them. -Difficulties can also include bias , because of one nation's stereotype[es of anotehr . -This means there , is an excelleent chance that researchers and particvipants communicated successfuly enhacing the valididty of the data collected.

Answer 82

However , this has not been true across all cross-cultural attachment research . For example GAilda Morelli and Edward Tronick , were outsiders from America when they studied child rearing patterns of attachment in the efe of zaire . -Their data may have been affected by difficulties in gathering data fro participants outside of their own culture .

Answer 83

-One limitations of cross - cultural research , including meta analyses of patterns of attachment type is the impact of confounding variables on findings . studies conducted inn different countries are not usually matched for methodology when they are compared in reviews or meta - analyses . -sample characteristics such as poverty , social caLSSAND URBA ' rural makeup can confound results as can the age of participant studied in different countries . -environmental variables might also differ between studies and confound results .. -for example ,size of the room , avaialbaity of interesting toys . -less visible , proximity seeking because of room size might make a child more likely o be classified as avoidant . -this means that looking at attachment behaviour in different non-matched studies conducted in different countries may not tell us anything about cross cultural attachments .

Answer 84

a further limitation of cross - cultural rehear h is int ring to impose as test designed for one cultural context to another context . -cross cultural psychology included the idea of emic and etic . -impsoed etic occurs when we impsoe an idea or techniqu that owrks in one cultural context to another . -for example , of this research in attadhment research is in the use of babies' respone t op reunion witht he caregiver in the strange situation . -in biritan and the ua lack of affection on reunion may indeed indicate an voidatnatachment . -but ingermaysuch behaviour would be interpreted as independence rather than inecurity ,., meaning it may not work in germany . -this means that the behaviours measured by strange situations may not have the same meaning in different cultural contexts and ocmparign them acrosss ucltures is meaningless .

Answer 85

cross-cultural research found very similar attachment types in different countries . -Bowlby's theory explains the similarity by identifying attachments as innate and universal . -however van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research suggests an alternative explanation . Namely , the global media represents a particular view of how parents and babies are meant to behave . This may overdid traditional cultural differences in the way children are brought up .

Answer 86

Balby (1953), famously said that mother-in-law infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as our vitamins and protein for physical health. Being separated from a mother and early childhood has serious consequences (Matilda deprivation).

Answer 87

There is an important distinction to be made between separation and deprivation. – Separation of blue means the child not being in the prince of the primary type of figure. – This only becomes a problem for the child becomes a part of emotional care (which can happen even if a mother and Home, so depressed

Answer 88

Brief separation, a particular where the child is with a substitute caregiver who can provide emotional care, not significant development, but extended separation can lead to deprivation by definition causes harm. .

Answer 89

Bobby saw the first 2 1/2 years of life fiscal period for psychological development. – The child is separated from their mothers in the absence of suitable substitute care, and so deprived of her emotional care for extended duration during the critical period, then (will be believed). Psychological damage was evitable. He also believed there was a continuing risk up to the age of five.

Answer 90

– one way in which Matilda affect shoulders vitamin is the intellectual development. – Believes that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long normally low, IQ. This has been demonstrating studies. – example, William (seven) found lower IQ in children, who had remained in institutions as opposed to, though you were fostered and had a higher stand of emotional care.

Answer 91

Identified affection of psychopathy as an inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others. – Prevent a person developing normal worships and associative the criminality. – Affection psychopath cannot appreciate the feelings of victim lack force for their actions.

Answer 92

Procedure – the sample study, consider 44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing all these will interfere size affect the psychopathy, colonitis, lack of affection, lack of guilt about the actual lack of empathy for the victim. – Families were also interviewed in order to establish whether thieves had belonged, separated from their mothers. – Compared to a control group of 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed, but emotionally disturbed Young people .

Answer 93

Bowlby (1944) found that 14th of the 44 days could be described as affection, psychopath, and 12th of these experience prolong separation from their others in the first years of the lives. – In contrast, only five of the remaining 30 days had experience separations. – Only two participants of group 44 long separation included early separation – affection cycle,

Answer 94

One limitation, it was the theory of mild decoration is the poor quality of the evidence it is based on. – Always 44 is flawed because it was Balby and Sophie carried out both the family interviews and the assessments for first psychopathy. – This left him open to wise in advance, which teenagershe expected to show signs of psychopathy. – Other sources of evidence were equally flood, for example, Baeeeee was also by the filings of gold for research the development of deprive of children in wartime orphanages.

Answer 95

This study has problems of confounding variables because the children go club study had experienced early four month, institutional care as well as belong to separation from their primary caregiver. – This means that original source of evidence from the decoration has series 4 and would not be taken seriously as evidence nowadays.

Answer 96

Another limitation of Bobby, the deprivation is confusion between different types of experience. – Michael, Rato (1981) through an important distinction between two types of early relative experience. – Strictly us the loss of the primary attachment figure after attachment has developed. – On the other hand probation is a failure to form any attachment in the first place – this may take place when children are brought up in institutional care.

Answer 97

What are pointed out that the long-term damage will be associated with the more likely to be operation. So the children sorry about Ashley have been primed rather than deprived. Similarly, many of the children the fourth floor study had sorted early lives (spells in hospital) may never have formed strong attachments. – This means that Bulby may have overestimated the seriousness of the effects of deprivation, and children’s develop children’s development

Answer 98

Afford limitation of the theory is Bobby‘s idea of critical period. Balby damage was never supported a charted, not formal attachment in the first 2 1/2 years of life. – Has the critical period. However, there is evidence to suggest that in many cases, good quality after-care can prevent most of all of this damage.

Answer 99

For example, Sharmila, 1976), reported the twins, twins, experience, severe physical and emotional abuse from the age of 18 months until there were seven years old. – Although they were severely damaged emotionally by there, they received excellent care and by their team and they recovered fully. This means lasting is not never even in case of severe probationcritical period is therefore better seen as a sensitive period.

Answer 100

What is the temp replicate the 44 studies failed to produce similar results. For example, Hilda Lewis looked at 500 young people and found no association between separation and psychopathic, criminality or relationship. Difficult difficulties. – On the other hand, more recent research, for example has partially supported by showing that the poor quality maternal care was associated with psycho adults.

Answer 101

These concerned children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them. And author is a child whose parents have either died or have abandoned them permanently.

Answer 102

A time for the effects of living constitution lies setting in the term institution of first place, like a hospital, an orphanage where people live long continuous periods of time. In such places, there is often very little emotional care provided. – In attachment research, we are interested in the effects of institutional care, detachment and subsequent development.

Answer 103

– Decoration has turned to often studies as it means, studying the effects of deprivation on emotional and intellectual development. – A tragic opportunity to look at the effects of institutional care and institutionalisation of Rosen Romania in the 1990s. Duff for president Nikolai required remaining women to have five children. – Many Romain parents could not afford to keep their children and children dropping huge orphanages in very poor conditions. After the 1989, Romanian revolution. Many of the children were adopted by.

Answer 104

Michael, Rotter and colleagues (2011), followed a group of 165 women orphans for many years, as part of the English and Romanian adopted (ERA). Orphans have been adopted by families in the UK. The aim of the ERA has invested extent to which care can make up for early experiences in institutions. – Physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed ages 46 1115 and 22 to 25 years a group of 52 children from the UK adopted about the same time has served as a control group group.

Answer 105

Children, first of the UK, half to adopt signs of delayed intellectual development and the majority age 11 adopted children so different to the age of adoption.

Answer 106

The main IQ of those children adopted before the age of six months was 102 compared with the 86 for those adopted between six months and two years and 77 for those adopted after two years. These differences remained at 8:16. ADHD was most common in 15 and 22 to 25-year-old samples.

Answer 107

Michael affair to be different in outcome related to whether adoption took place before or after six months. Those should adopted after six months show signs of particular attachment style called disinhibited attachment. – Symptoms include attention, seeking, clinginess, and social behaviour directly indiscriminately towards all adults, both familiar adults familiar. – In contrast those children adopted by the age of six months, ready displayed disinhibition arraxgmrnh

Answer 108

Toes conducted the Bucharest early intervention VI project assessing attachment in 95 Romanian children age 12 to 31 months who has spent most deadlines in institutional care (90% average). – They were compared to a control group of 50 children, who had never lived in institution. – The attachment type was measured using the strain situation. – In addition, carer were asked about unusual social behaviour, including clingy. Attention behaviour directed inappropriately at all Adams all Adams.

Answer 109

The research of found that 74% of the control group were classed as security attached in the train such strange situation. However, only 19% of the institutional group was clearly attached. – In contrast, the description of this inhibited attachment applied to 44% of institutionalised children as opposed to less than 20% of the controls.

Answer 110

This is the type of a photo of spending time in institution. These should not equally friendly and affection towards familiar people and strangers. This is highly unusual behaviour – remember that most children in the second year, so strange anxiety. – what are (2006) has explained attachment of adaptation to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period for formation (shuffle stage of attachment pay 76 and Balby critical period attachment page 84). – In pool quality institutions like those Romania child might have 50 carers doesn’t spend enough time with anyone of them to be able to form a secure attachment

Answer 111

In Rosses study, most children showed signs of intellectual disability, previously called retardation when they arrive in the Britt. – however, emotion adopted before they were six months old, caught up with the control group by age 4, appears like emotional development damage international development as a result of socialisation coming covered provided. Adoption takes place before the age of six months age of which

Answer 112

One string of the Romanian orphan studies is there application to improve conditions for children growing up outside their family home. – Studying in the Roman Organs has improved psychologist, understanding of the effect of early institutional care to prevent the worst of these effects. this is improve in the conditions experienced by the top children are children growing up in the care system .

Answer 113

Children’s homes that afford having large amount of caregivers for each child. Instead, the children have one or two key workers replacement and emotional care. – Also institutional care seen as an undesirable option for after children. Considerable effort is made accommodate such children and foster get to have them. – this means means that children in institutional care have a chance to develop more attachment avoided.

Answer 114

Another strength of the Romanian studies it’s a lack of confounding variables. There are many more studies before the Roman orphans became available to study. For example in the second marvel many of the children student orphanages had experience very degrees of trauma is difficult to disentangled the effects of neglect, school, abuse, and bereavement from thosetraditional care. – However, of the children from Romanian orphanages had in the main been handed over by loving parents who could not afford to keep them. This means that results are much less likely to be invaded by other native early experiences (high internal validity)

Answer 115

On the other hand, studying children for moment, Romanian orphanages might have introduced a different confounding variables. The quality of intellectual stimulation or comfort. This means with the harmful facing studies of remain orphans may represent the effects of poor institutional care than institutional care.

Answer 116

One of the Romanian orphans studies lack of data on adult development. – The latest data from the ERA study of children in the early to mid 20s. This means we do not like currently. We don’t updated some of the interesting questions about the long-term effects of early institutional care. Please research the questions include the last time, prevalence of mental health, problems and participants success and inform mated adult, romantic and parental relationships. – It will take a long time to get thisinto design of the study participants are followed over period this means it will be sometime. We know more what the long time affect it is possible that doctor children may catch up.

Answer 117

The Romanian, author study are socially sensitive because of results, so the adopted children simply having poor development outcomes. – Results have been publish while the children have been grown up, meaning that their parents teachers and anyone else who needs them might have blow their expectations are treated that adopted children differently. This might even have created self feeling prophecy. – On the other hand, what has been learned from the Romanian studies that my benefit solution is opportunity, institutional– consider, should the results of the remaining studies have been published?

Answer 118

Affiliation with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates, and with adults such as teachers

Answer 119

Ships, the child goes on to have later in life as an adult. These include friendships and working ships, but most critically relationships with romantic partners and the person children.

Answer 120

Elemental representation of the world, the presentation we have of our relationship to our primary attachment figure. This model affects our future future nations because it carries our perception of what relationships are.

Answer 121

Earlier, in this chapter, we discussed the formation of the internal working model suggested that babies first relationships with their primary attachment figure please to repositionL

Answer 122

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