Research Methods Flashcards

Question

Investigator effect

Answer 1

Any effect of the investigation behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome (DV). This may include everything from the design of the study to the selection of, an interaction with, participants during the research process.

Answer 2

Do use of child matters to control for the effects of bias, when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions.

Answer 3

Using exactly the same formalise procedures and structures of all participants in a recess study.

Answer 4

The Keaton experiment is that an independent variable (ivory) manipulated (changed), see how this affects the dependent variable (DV). The only thing that influence the TV is IV. Any other variables that might interfere with the IV (or the DV) should be controlled or removed.these additional, unwanted variables are called extraneous variables, and, where possible, identified at the start of the study by the researcher, who can then take steps and organise the influence.

Answer 5

Confounding variables changes systematically with the IV. This energy study. We have 20 participants to decide to use the first 10 participants who arrived for the energy drink condition. It happens at these first impossible are overexcited because they saw Prince William arrived at their school. This means that there are there was some delay for further part has arrived and by then people are less excited. This unexpected event means we have ended up with the second oriented IV – being excited or not.

Answer 6

Cottisford adult passive with an experiment and are likely to be spending much of their time, trying to make sense with the new situation. They find themselves in. As such, participant reactivity is a significant extraneous variable in experiment of reset, and one that is voted for control. In the resource situation, part will try to work out what is going on. Certainly please may help them interpret what is going on. These clues (or queues) characteristics of the experimental situation may help to second-guess the experimenters intentions as well as the aims of the study

Answer 7

What they look for tell them how they should behave in experimental situation. They may act in a way that they think it’s expecting overperformed to please experimenter (the police effect), although deliberately under – performed to sabotage results of the study (the screwed effect). Either way, participant behaviour is no longer an extraneous variable that may affect the DV .

Answer 8

What is the reactive lead to investigate effects. Considered this it is possible that during our energy drink study. As we are recording the words spoken by part, we may be inclined to Smol during our interaction with some participants and others. Given that we are expecting the energy drink group to speak more than the group water, we may unknowingly – in our unconscious behaviour – encourage a great level tattiness from the participants.

Answer 9

This is an example of an investigative effect, which first any unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome. As HUGH, space COOL I, C,AN (2006) points out, this can include expectancy effects and unconscious queues (such as those subscribed above). Might also refer to any actions of the research that were related to the studies design, such as the section of the pot, the materials, instructions, etc. Leading questions, which are discussing relation to our assess of money are good example of the power of investigator effects. I’ve been mentioned an eyewitness testimony chapter) .

Answer 10

In any investigation or research, you can take to minimise your photo extraneous/confounding variables on the -One of these is randomisation, which is first use of chance method to reduce the research on cautious suspend designing investigation -In short, this is an attempt to control investigator effect. -For example, memory remain for participants to be calling once from list. The order of this should be randomly generated certain percent of each word is not decided by the research

Answer 11

If all participants were to take part in all four conditions, the order in which these conditions were completed, would need to be randomised for each participants. (this is no alternative to Counter balancing – discussed on the next bridge).

Answer 12

As far as possible, with an investigation, or partition should be subject to the same environment, information experience. To ensure this, all procedures are, in other words, there is a list of exactly what will be done the study. This is standardised instructions that are read to each participant. Standardisation means that law – standardised changes in procedure, do not act as extreme as variables.

Answer 13

The different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions

Answer 14

Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition

Answer 15

All participants take part in all conditions of experiment

Answer 16

Part of participants are first marched on some variable (S) that may affect a dependent variable. Then one member of the pair is the scientific condition and the other condition. B.

Answer 17

An attempt to control for participant variables in independent group design, which insures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other.

Answer 18

And attempt to control for the effects of order in a repeated measure design: half the pot experience the conditions in one order and the other in the opposite order.

Answer 19

So an independent group design is when two separate groups of particles experienced due to conditions of experiment. If there are two levels of the independent variable IV, this means that all participants experience one level of the Ivy only. In our energy treat investigation, this would involve

Answer 20

The performance of the two groups with them be compared. In this case, we would compare the difference in the main number of us spoken to 5 minute period for each group/condition.

Answer 21

-is Woodford, for example, experience collection, eight (energy, drink, condition, the experiment condition). -Each part is with them. Basically to be tested in condition Big (glass of water condition, the control condition) . -following this, the two main calls from both conditions would be compared to see if there was a difference.

Answer 22

In a matched person design, participants are put together on a variable of variables, relevant to the experiment. For instance, in the memory study, participants be matched on the IQ, as this might be a good indicator of their ability to record information. -Participants with the first and second height will be put together with the third fourth and so on. Then one pot from each page would be allocated to a different condition of the experiment. -This is an attempt to control the confounding variables of participant variables and often necessitates the use of a pre-test of the matches to be affected.

Answer 23

Go back to energy drink study, we might observe participants interacting in a room before the experiment begins and select the two people that appear to be the chattiest. One of the power would be placed in condition and the other condition B. We will then do the same with the third and foremost of participants, and so on. The experiment would be then the same way as in dependent group design.

Answer 24

The biggest issue with an independent group is at the participants who occupy different groups are not all the same in terms of participant variables. -If a researcher finds a main difference between the groups and the dependent variable (DV) may be more stupid with the past variables and the effect of the IV. These differences may confounding variable, reduce validity of the values. To do with this problem, resources use rather allocation.

Answer 25

Independent groups design less economical than reputation register, each participant, contributes a single result only. -Twice as many participants would be needed to produce equity from data to that collected in the repeated -This is the time/money spent on recruitment -The strength of using independent group that the order affect are not a problem was, there are prob:’ repeated message decides. Participants are also less likely to guest the aim.

Answer 26

The biggest issue for repeated message that protest has to do at least two toes and the order of the task will be significant (i.e. there are order). The energy example, having the antidote may have a continuing effect on a p participant drinks, water, afterwards. To deal with this, research council, balancing.

Answer 27

Order effect also arise, because repeating two tasks could create boredom or fatigue then might deterioration in performers on the second task, so it might as well order the task are. Alternatively, participants performance may improve through the effects of practice, especially on a skill based task– In this case participants would perform better on the second task . Order acts as a confounding variable.

Answer 28

More likely, that part of the experience or conditions of the experiment. For this reason, demand characteristics tend to be more of a feature of repeated measure design than independent groups. -The strength of using repeated measures, all that participant variables are controlled (therefore higher validity) and for participants I need (therefore less times but recruiting them).

Answer 29

Participants already take part in a single single conditions, order effects and demand characteristics are less of a problem. /although there is some attempt to reduce participant variables in this design, participants could never be much exactly. Even when they’re identical twins that uses much pairs, they will still be important differences between them that may take the DV. -Matching, maybe top and see me inexpensive, particularly for pre-test is required, so this is the second economical and other design.

Answer 30

An experiment that takes place in a controlled environment, within which of the research amendment placed the ivy and course effect of the TV, whilst maintaining straight to control extremely variable.

Answer 31

An experiment that takes place in the natural setting within which the research manipulates the ivy, and record the effect on the DV.

Answer 32

And it’s from my brother changing the Ivy is not bought by the resources but would’ve happened even if the reset had not been there. The research record effect on a DV they have decided on.

Answer 33

I study that is almost program, but lack key ingredients. – The Ivy has not been determined by anyone, the research or any other other person that the variables is in Big, such as being old or young. Strictly speak. This is not an experiment.

Answer 34

Lab experiments of high, control over confounded again, extraneous variables. This means a research can ensure that any effect on the dependent variable is likely to be the result of a manipulation of the independent variable. Thus, we can be more certain about demonstrating cause and effect (high internal validity).

Answer 35

Replication is more possible than other types of experiment because of the higher level of control. This insures that new extraneous verbals are not introduced from repeating an experiment. -Replication is vital to check the results of any study to see whether the fight is valid and not just one off.

Answer 36

Lab experiments made like generalisability. The lab environment may be rather artificial and not like everyday life. – in an unfamiliar context, Laborhood, unusual ways, so the behaviour cannot always be generalised beyond the research setting (low external validity). – as well as this participants are usually where they are being tested in a lab experiment (they may not know why) and this may also give rise to quotation, unnatural quotation behaviour (see demand characteristics described on page 170

Answer 37

Furthermore, the task spoons are asked to carry out in the lab is from may not represent every day experience, for instance, recording unconnected this as part of a memory experiment (low Monday realism).

Answer 38

Do field experiments have higher mundane realism than lab experiments because the environment is more natural. – Does field is very produce behaviour, a small valid and authentic. This is especially the case as possible, but it may be on the whether they are being studied (high external validity).

Answer 39

However, there is a price to pay for increased realism due to the lost controls of CVS and EVS. – This means cool an effect between the IV and the DV and field studies may be much more difficult to establish spice replication is often not possible. – There are also important issues. If participants are on Weather being studied, they cannot consent to being studied and so research my constitute and invasion of privacy.

Answer 40

Natural experiments are like a lab or field experiment in so far as the researcher measures the effect of an IV on a DV. However, what distinguishes a natural experiment is the researcher has no control over the IV and cannot change it – someone or something else causes the ivy to vary. For example, before and after a natural disaster or whether a child is in hospital at age 5 or 10. – Note that it is IV that is natural, not necessarily the setting – participants may be tested in a lab. The DV may also be naturally occurring (exam results) or maybe devise by experiment er and then measured in the field or lab..

Answer 41

Natural experiments provide opportunities for research that may not otherwise be undertaken for practical ethical reasons, such as the studies of instantised orphans (). – Natural experiments often have high external validity, because they involved the study of real world, issues and problems as they happen, such as the effects and a natural disaster on stress levels

Answer 42

I’m actually occurring event may only happen very early, reducing the opportunities for research. This also made a limit to Skype for generalising findings to other similar situations. – Another issue is that participants may not be randomly allocated to experimental conditions. (no, that is only applies when there is an independent group design). This means that research might be less so the IV affected the DV. Example, in the study of Romanian orphans, the IV was whether children were adopted as late. However, there were lots of other differences between the groups, such may have made them escaping for prospective parents. – Such research may be conducted in the lab and therefore made luck realism and demand characteristics may be an issue

Answer 43

Quasi experiments have an IV that is spaced on an existing difference between people (age or gender). No one has manipulated this variable, simply exist and, unlike in a natural experiment, the“independent variable “cannot be changed. Instance, if this anxiety, level of phobic and non-phobic patients were compared, the ivy of “having a phobia “was not have come through any experimental manipulation. – As with a natural experiment, the DV may be naturally caring (exam results) or maybe advise by the experiment and measure in the field or a lab.

Answer 44

– Quiz experiments are often carried out and controlled conditions in their forces and states of the lab experiment (replication). – Quiz, experiments, like natural experiments, cannot randomly allocate to conditions and therefore there may be confounding variables. – In addition, in both quiz, experiments are natural experiments, the IV is not to the change by the research and therefore we cannot claim that the IV has caused any observed change.

Answer 45

A group of people who are the focus of the research as interest, from which are smaller samples is drawn.

Answer 46

A group of people who take part in the recent investigations. The sample is drawn from (target) population, and is presumed to be representative of that population, I stand as “fairly “for the population being studied.

Answer 47

The method used to select people from the population.

Answer 48

The context of sampling, when certain groups are over – or under – represented within sample selected . For instance , there may be too many younger people or too many people or one ethnic origin in a sample . This limits the extent to which generalisations can be made to the target population

Answer 49

The extend to which findings and conclusions from a particular investigation can be broadly applied to the pppilaorpk . This is possible of the sample of participants is reprengative of the target population .

Answer 50

It is usually not possible to include all members of a target population in an investigation so a reacher selects a smaller groip , known as the sample .

Answer 51

Inevitability then , the vast majority of sallows contain some degree of bias .Samplww are selected using a sample technique that aims to produce a representative sample . We will look at the main techniques used by psychologists .

Answer 52

-A random sample is a sophisticated form of sampling in which all Members of the target population have an equal chance of being sedated . -The first step in selecting a radn Sample is to obtain a complete list of all members of a target population . - sexoenlu , Al of the names Of the list are assigned a number . Finally , the actual sample is selected through the use of some LOTTERU MERHOD (a computer or picking numbers relm a hat ).

Answer 53

-A systematic sample is when every nth member of the target population is selected , for example every 3rd house on a street or every 5th pupil on a school register . - A SAMPLING FRAME is produced which is a list of people in the target population organised into , for instance , alphabetical order . -A sampling system is nominated (every 3rd every 6th every 8th) person etc . -may begin from a randomly determined start to rescue bias .researcher rhen works through the sampling frame until sample is complete .

Answer 54

A stratified sample is a sophisticated form of sampling in which the COMPOSITON AOF THE SAMLLE REFLECTS THE PROPRITIONS of people in certain subgroups (starts) within the target population or the wider population .

Answer 55

To carry out a stratified sample , the researched first identifies the different strata that makes up the population . -Then , the proportions need for the sallle to be relrewenriave are worked out . -Finally , the participants that make up each state im are sleedredbusing random sampling . (Let’s say In Manchester argh check the page 176)

Answer 56

Given that representative samples of the target population are so difficult to obtain , many researchers simply decide to select anyone who happens to be willing and available (an opportunity sample ). -The researcher simply takes the chance to ask whoever is around at the time of the study , for example in the street . (In the case of market research )

Answer 57

-A volunteer sample Involved participants selling themselves to be part of the sample , hence it is also referred to as self-selection . - To select a volunteer sample , w researcher may place an advert in a newspaper or on a common room noticeboard . Alrernaigely , willing participants may simply raise their hand when the researcher asks .

Answer 58

-a volunteer sample involves participants electing themselves to be part of the sample . Hence , it is also referred to as self-selection . - To select a volunteer sample , a reswaecher may place an advert in a newspaper or on a common room noticebaprd . -Alternaotbely , willing participants may simply raise their hand when the researcher asks .

Answer 59

-A random sample is potnentislly unbiased . -This means that confounding or extraneous variables should be equally divided between the different groups , enhancing n internal validity Z.

Answer 60

-however random sampling is difficult and time consulting to conduct . A complete list of the target population may be extremely difficult to obtain . - furthermore you may end up with a sample that is still unrepresentative -the laws of probability suggest that random sampling is likely to produce a more repeesnwriwbe sample than OPPORTUNITT SAMPLING. X -Howveer C it is still possible that the random method may select (example 20 female psychologists ) - in soffit on , selected participants may refuse to take part (which means you end up with something more like a volumetric sample ) - rhis particular issue applies to Al the methods below .

Answer 61

-This sampling method is objective. 9’cs the system for selection has been established the researcher has no influence lede over who is chosen (this is even Lprenrje gase or the start is randomly selected ). -As with random Sampling , this method is this Method Is time Consuming and , in the end , Participants May refuse to take Part , resulting in a volunteer sample .

Answer 62

This method produces a representative sample because it is designed to accurately reflect RHE composition of the population . -Yjis Means that generalisation of findings becomes possible . -Howeved , statification is not perfect . The identified starts cannot reflect All the ways people are different , so Complete reprentstiom of the target population is not possible .

Answer 63

is convenient . This method is much less costly in terms of money and then say random sampling . Because a list of members did the target population is not required and there is Ko need to divide tjenpppilafopn into different starts as there is in start field sampling .

Answer 64

- on rhe negative side , opportunity samples suffer from two forms of bias .First , rhe sample is unrepresentative of the target population as it drawn from a very specific area such as one steeet in one town , so finish’s cannot be generalised to the target population . -second , the researcher has complete control over the selection of participants and for instance , may avoid people they do not like the look of (researcher bias ).

Answer 65

- On the meagibe side , the oppprutnity samples suffer from - Tel forms of bias . First , the sample is unprensentaobe of the target populations it is drawn from a very specific area ? Such as one steer in one town , so findings cannot be gernalsoed to the target population . Second , the researches had complete control over the election of participants and , for instance , may Aldi’s people they do not look like the look of (researcher hows )

Answer 66

- a cool yeee sample ks ways at kt requires minimal input from the researcher and is also less time consuming than other forms of sampling . - -the researcher end up with apricpamfa who are lore engaged mkre so than someone who was stopped I t steer . - VOLUNTEER BIAS Is a problem - asking for volunteers may attract a certain profile

Answer 67

- VOLUNTEER BIAS Is a problem - asking for volunteers may attract a certain profile of person , fhat is one who is cutie and more likely to try to plewse tje reswvejr (which might then affect how far findings can be generalised ).

Answer 68

Collecting a volunteer sample is easy . It requires minimal input from the researcher (they come to you ) -and so is less time consuming than other forms of sampling . -Thw ewswwwdhee ends up with participants who are more engaged , so more than someone who stopped in the street .

Answer 69

Is a problem . Asking for volunteers may attract a certain to “profile” or person that is one who is curious and more likely to please the researcher (which might then affect how far findings can be generalised ).

Answer 70

These arise when a conflict exists between the right of participants in research studies and the goals of research to produce authentic and valid and worthwhile data .

Answer 71

A quasi -legal documented produced by British Pyschological society (bps) that instructs psychologists in the uk about what behaviour is and is not acceptable when dealing with participants . -The code is built around four major principles respect , competence , responsibility and integrity I .

Answer 72

For instance, researcher may not wish to reveal true process of a research study to participants in order to study more natural behaviour. But is it acceptable to lie to them you know is it acceptable to tell part of they failed a test to study your response to failure. This calls may be psychological distress apartments and is that justified? What if they were made aware of this before hand, would that make a difference? Let us consider the four m major issues that participants and researcher in psychology

Answer 73

At a basic level perspective, positive study should know what they are getting into before they get into it. Inform concert involves making the web the angels of the research, the procedures, the rights (including the right withdraw partway through the investigation did they do wish), and also the date over useful. Post Should make an informed judgement, whether or not to take part being coerced or feeling of life. From the research point of view, asking for inform consent, may make the study meanness because participants behaviour will not be natural as they know that is the study.

Answer 74

Deception means celebrity, misleading all withholding information from participants at the investigation. This is linked to the above. Participants who have not received adequate information when they have agreed to take part (Woolworths, have been deliberately lied to) cannot be said to have given informed consent. Despite that, there are occasions, where description can be justifieddoes not cause the pot and distress. For instance, our entering study would probably be acceptable with another group group in a different substance, this may affect their behaviour

Answer 75

As a result of their involvement, participants should not be placed at any more risks than they would be in their daily lives, and should be protected from physical and psychological harm. The latter includes being made to feel embarrassed, in adequate or being placed under the undue stress or pressure. An important feature of protection from Home, as mentioned above, is participants being reminded of the fact that they have the right to withdrawal from the investigation at any point.

Answer 76

Participles have the right to control information about themselves. This is the right of privacy. If this is invaded, then confidentiality should be protected. Confidentiality refer to right, and find nought under the data protection act, to have any personal data protected. The right to privacy extends to the area with the study took place such the institutions of geographical locations are not named.

Answer 77

The British psychological society, like many other professional bodies, has it own code of ethics and a set of guidelines. We just have a professional duty to observe these guidelines when conducting research – they won’t be sent to prison if they don’t follow them, but will do their job. The guidelines are closing much to ethical issues on the facing page and attempt to change part of consideration during each face of research. Guidelines are implemented by committee is in research institutions, who often use a cost benefit approach to determine whether the particular processes are ethically acceptable.

Answer 78

Participants should be issued with the consent form. all relevant information that might effect their decision to participate. Assume the participants agree, this is then signed. For investigations involving children under age 16, signature to consent by parents is required. There are other ways of taking consent, which are described on the right.

Answer 79

Rather than getting concerned from the plot themselves, similar group of people studies, acceptable. If this group agreed in the consent of the original participants is presumed.A

Answer 80

Participles give their permission to take part in different studies dash, including one that will involve reception. Sadly, parties are effectively consenting to be deceived

Answer 81

Participants are asked for their consent (during debriefing) having already taken part in the study. They might not have been aware of their participation, or they may have been subjected to deception.

Answer 82

Participants should be issued with a consent letter, a form detailing all relevant information that might affect that decision to participate. Assuming for the participant agrees, sign. For investigations for children on 16, assignment of parental consent is required. There are other way of taking consent, which I described the right.

Answer 83

At the end of the study, participant should be given a full deep breath. Within this, particular should be made aware of the terms of investigation, and any details they were not applied during the study, such as existence of other groups or experimental conditions. Do you know?

Answer 84

Participant should also be reused for and must be given the wife with Georgia in the study and the right of the whole date if they wish. This is a particularly important if we respect consent is a feature of the study. Participants may have natural concerns related to their performance within the investigation so should be reassured that your typical normal. In extreme cases of fans have been subjected to stress embarrassment, they may receive counselling which resources should provide.

Answer 85

Parcel details I had wouldn’t must be predictive. How much is more usual to simply record no parcel details. I maintain autumn Normandy and I. Resources with Parsons using numbers initials and write out investigation. In case study cycle is often initials when describing individuals. Finally, if it is down practice during briefing and debriefing, participants are mindful that data will be protected through the process and all the data will not be Shared with other research.

Answer 86

A small scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real investigation is conducted. The aim of it is to check that procedures, materials, measuring scales, et cetera, work. The aim is also to allow the research to make changes the modifications if that’s so.

Answer 87

Is also important to investigate/recognise a pole or not restricted to experimental studies. When self-report matters, such as question is issues, it’s helpful to try a question in advance and remove or reword, those that ambiguous or confusing. In observational studies, a pilot study provides the way of checking before the real investigation is on to take it. This may be an important part of training observers. Insured, then, a pile of study allows the research to identify any potential issues, and to modify the design or procedure, saving type of money in the long run

Answer 88

We mentioned when discussing groceries at school, sometimes be told the aim of the research at the beginning of the study. As well as this, other details, such as which condition of these were there in Home, but there is a condition. This is not a single blind procedurenot much expectations is not revealed until the end of the study to control for the confounding effects of demand characteristics. New flush cod

Answer 89

The double blind procedure neither of the participants or the researcher is MAD aware of the aim of the study. Sorry, not funny investigation (often at that party conduct investigation without knowing his main purpose). Double blind procedures are often important feature of drug trials. Treatments may be admin departments by someone who is independent of investigation, and who does not know which drugs operas. If they don’t know what is process is receiving, the expectations cannot influence participant behaviour.

Answer 90

In the example of the drug for above group that receives the drug experiment group, and the group that receives a control group. We use the world control and research to refer to the control of variables so we use it to refer to the baseline. Control is using many experimental studies for the purpose of comparison. If they’re changing behaviour of the experimental group is in the control group, then research a conclusion Come to conclusion of this effect within independent variable, assuming all other variables have the main constant). Having two groups in an experiment is an independent group design, but we also have controlled additions in a repeated measure design. Each participant takes part twice months in the experiment, and once in the control condition

Answer 91

Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which would normally occur

Answer 92

Watching and recording behaviour within an instructed environment, I.E one where some variables are managed.

Answer 93

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge and consent.

Answer 94

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent.

Answer 95

The research should becomes a member of the group, whose behaviour he/she is watching them and recording

Answer 96

The research remains outside of the group, whose behaviour he/she is watching and recording.

Answer 97

They also allow researchers to study observable behaviour within a natural controlled setting. This method allows a research of the flexibility to study more complex interactions between variable. The observation is often used within the next program as way, for example, of assessing the dependent variable.

Answer 98

I’m not trying to stick observations, take place in the setting or context where the target behaviour would usually occur. Will aspect to the environment of free to vary. For instance, it would not make sense to study how senior management employees never taking the factory into Drag the whole of the workforce to artificial lab setting.

Answer 99

This is much better to interact in the factory environment will normally take place. There is sometimes useful to control certain aspects of the recent situation, so a controlled of observation may be preferred. For example, Mary Ainsworth used controlled observation as part of strange situation studies. Ein recorded the way in which children reacted to the mothers, and how they dealt with the introduction of a stranger, with a very speciasl two way mirror to record the data remotely so not to disturb the action. In a controlled observation, there is some control over variables, including manipulating variables to observe effects and also control of confounding/extraneous variables.

Answer 100

Behaviour and may occasionally be recorded without obtaining the consent of the process. Covert observation of those in which the participants are unaware they are the focus of the study, and never behaviour is a observed in secret covertly), say from across a room from my balcony, open the bracket, but rarely from behind a push). Such behaviour must be public and happening anyway, if the opposite is to be ethical. In contrast over observation, participants know their behaviour is being observed and have given the informed consent beforehand

Answer 101

Sometimes it may be necessary for the observer to become part of the group. They are studying, as it is the case with participant observations. For instance, we might have them improved the study of the factory workers of management by having the research as joined in the workforce to produce a firsthand account. Non-particular observations are when the research remains separate from those they are studying and record behaviours in a more objective manner. May often be impractical even impossible to join particular group so that nonpatient is the only option/such as middle-aged female research observing behaviour amongst year 10 student boys ha ha

Answer 102

One limitation of observation is observe bias. The observers interpretation of a situation may be affected by the expectation. This may be reduced by using more than one observer. Another limitation is observation studies cannot demonstrate casual relationships – true of the virtual techniques may use experiments and aid in detecting calls – and affect relationships.

Answer 103

That’s realistic observation tend to have high external validity as fine as can often be generalised every day life. This because the behaviour is studied with the department where it would normally occur. That said, the lack of control over the research situation makes of the investigation difficult. There may also be many Childers conveying/extraneous variables that make more difficult to touch any pattern behaviour. Control observation in control may produce findings that cannot be as readily applied to every day life. Confounding story is variables may be less of a factor so replication of the observation becomes easier.

Answer 104

The fact that part is supposed to not know that they are being watched and remove the problem of the characteristics and it shows any behaviour that will be natural. This increases the internal validity of the data gathered. However, the ethics of the studies may be questioned as people even in public. May not wish to have the behaviours noted down. For instance, shopping would generally be recognises a public public activity, but the amount of money people spent on the shopping trip is probably their own business. Distance distance “over observations are more ethically acceptable, but the knowledge participants have that they are being observed they act significant influence on their behaviour...

Answer 105

In participant observations, the researcher could experience the situation that the particles do, giving them increase insight to the lives of the people being studied. This may increase external validity of the findings. There is danger, however, that the research may come to identify too strongly with those they are studying and objectivity. Some research refer to this, as native when the line between being research and being a participant becomes blurred. Non-participant of sous research to maintain objective psychological distance from their hospice so there is less stage of them. However, they really lose valuable inside to be possible as far to remove for the people behaviour they are studying.

Answer 106

Do you want to talk about behaviour broken up into components that observed measurable (operationalisation )

Answer 107

Behavioural event is first established in the research recorders event every time it occurs.

Answer 108

The target individual group is versus sublist, and the researcher record their behaviour in a fixed timeframe say every 60 seconds.

Answer 109

All of the key influences on the side of any observations, how to research intense circle that data. The research is simply. This is referred to us on struct of sufficient intense producer behaviour that are rich in detail. This method may be appropriate when observation are small and scale four participants.for example, observing interaction between couple and therapist during counselling session.

Answer 110

Often, however, there may be too much going on in a single observation for the recital at all. Therefore is necessary to simplify the target target behaviour that will become the main folks of investigation using behavioural categories. This becomes a structured interview, although the distinction between structured and unstructured observations is not in respect, is useful to know, because the information that follows up structured observations.

Answer 111

Order to produce a structure record of what research see , this is fast listening to break the behaviour to a set of behavioural categories. This is very similar that I do operationalisation that we came across on page 69. Target behaviours to be studied to be precisely to define and made observed one movable.

Answer 112

What is the photographic behaviour affection may be broken down, so that was the original category, such as hugging and smiling holding hands. Each of these behaviours must be favourable there should be no need for interference system such as being loving. 27 might interpret this differently and thought it would not be reliable catch from. Before the observation, research should’ve showed as far as possible all the way to behaviour with that behaviour.

Answer 113

Continuous recording of the is a key feature on structured observations, which all instances of behaviour recorded. For very Compass behaviour, however, this method may not be practical or feasible. As such instruction observations, the research must use a systematic observations.

Answer 114

events are both counted number of times that particular behaviour occurs in target individual group. For instance, event sampling of descent as a football match would mean counting the number of times places agreed with the referee. Times supply involves reporting the behaviour within the priest of this timeframe. For example, in a particular football match, we may only be interested in one specific plan so we may make a note of what our target individual is doing 30 seconds.

Answer 115

Sorted. Observations are involved the use of behavioural categories make recording of data, easy or systematic. The data produces likely to be your miracle which means that analyse and comparing the behaviour observed between particles more straightforward. In contrast and starts observation produce quarters of data, which may be much more difficult toanalyse.

Answer 116

However, unstructured observations benefit for more richness and depth of detail in the data collected. Though there may be a greater risk of observer bias with unstretched observations, as objective, behavioural Kutzke, that Are that a red feature structure observations are not present. The research may only record those behaviours that catch their eye, and these may not be the most important or useful.

Answer 117

Although the use of behavioural cues can make data collection more structure objective, it is important that such category is clear and ambiguous as possible. They must be observable, miserable and self evident. In other words, they should not require further interpretation. Researcher should also ensure that all possible forms of the behaviour are included in the checklist. There should not be a dusting category in Richmond need different behaviours are deposited. Finally category should be exclusive or not fourth instance difference between smiling and greeting would be very difficult to Discern

Answer 118

Event sampling is useful when the talk behaviour happens quite in frequently and could be missed if time sampling was used. However, if the specified event is too complex, observe my overlook portal if you think something. Time supply effectively reducing the number of observations that have to be made. That said those instances behaviour might be on representative of the observation as a whole..

Answer 119

Any message in which apartment or state or explain their own feelings, opinions, behaviour and/or experienced since related to a given topic

Answer 120

A set of written questions (sometimes referred to as items) used to assess a persons thoughts and/or experiences

Answer 121

I live in counter (face-to-face on the phone), but one person (interview) also set of questions to assess and interviewees thoughts and/or experiences. The questions maybe preset (as in a structured interview), so may develop on the interview goes along (unstructured interview).

Answer 122

A questionnaire, maybe use a part of experiment to assist the dependent variable for example, what the recent legislation of a specific recreational drug Are different on younger people oh or older people

Answer 123

There are a number of different possible start to question the questionnaire, but these can be broadly divided to open or close questions.

Answer 124

An open question does not have a fixed rate of answers and respondents are through to answering anyway Davis. For instance, we might ask participants in our energy drinks from how they felt during investigation why they thought they became more talkative.. Open questions, 20 produce quality of the data that contain a wide range of different responses, but may be difficult to analyse.

Answer 125

Close questions, offer a fixed number of responses. We might ask participants if they felt more talkative as a result of the energy drink and This restricts them, and only give some to Objede. The answer is a yes or no (quantitive data. Alternatively, we might get them to write her so she could I felt after consuming the drink on a scale of one to 10 (quantitive data) A quantitive data like this it’s usually easy to analyse, but it may like the depth and detail associated with open questions. Know that close questions that produce qualitative data can be turned into quantitive data off I open bracket for example, counting the number of yes and no responses.

Answer 126

Structured interviews. Unstructured interviews Semistructured interviews

Answer 127

Structured interviews are made up of fruit a timer set of questions asked an affix order. Basically this is like a questionnaire, but conducted face-to-face (or over the phone) in real time, interviewer, asked a question and wait for a response.

Answer 128

Turn on switch, if you want to look like a conversation. They’re nice at questions, there is a general in that assessment topic will be discussed, and interactions tend to be free-flowing. The interviewees encourage expanding elaborate their answers and was prompted by the interviewer.

Answer 129

Many interviews and most likely to fall somewhere between the two types describe up. Sort of interview that one is most like eating out in every day life – job interview – is it good example of a semi structured interview. There is a little present I’ve been worked out in advance for interviews are also asked to follow up questions based on previous answers.

Answer 130

Questionnaires are cost-effective. They can get a large amount of data quickly because they can be distributed to last time so people (note that it is the number of people that is important as it’s the time of the volume of data collected). A questionnaire can be completed without the research of being present, come on, as in this case of a postal questionnaires, which also reduces the effort involved. The data of the questionnaires produce is usually straightforward to analyse, and this is particularly the case, if the questionnaire, compromises money fix choice, close questions (contrast this with interview data, below. The data lens it self to statistical analysis

Answer 131

One major problem is that the responses given may not always be truthful for. Response will be keen to represent themselves in a positive light and this may influence their answers. Free sample. If I ask how often do you lose your phone, most people would underestimate the frequency. This is the form of them and characteristics called the social Desirability bias. Questionnaires often produces a response bias, which is where is correspondence tend to reply in a similar way, for instance, always taking Jess or answering at the same favourite end of a rating scale. This may be because respondent complete the questionnaire to quickly and failed to answer the question properly. A particular form response bias, acquiescence bias, is discussed on the right

Answer 132

Shut the interviews like questionnaires are straightforward to replicate due to their standby format. Standardised format. The format also reduces differences between interviewers. This is not possible I will give you the nature of the interview for interviews to deviate from the topic of the questions on this will limit the riches of data collected to collect As well as limit on expected information.

Answer 133

There Is much more flexibility and unstructured interview done and started interview. The interview will come follow-up points as they arise and is much more likely to get inside into the world of the interviewee, including collecting unexpected information. However, this may lead to an increased risk of interview or bias, in addition, analysis of data from the answer to the interview. It’s not straightforward cut. The research on may have to sift through much irrelevant information and drawing firm conclusion to be difficult. How did questionnaires there is a risk that interview is may lie for a reason l Or social desirability. However, skilled and experienced interviewer should be able to establish official report with the participants for the Ethan system. Personal topics are discussed, any responses given a more truthful.

Answer 134

Open questions are questions, but there is no fixed choice of response and respondents can answer. Anyway they wish for why did you take up smoking

Answer 135

Questions, so wish there is a fix with responses to tell me why the question set up example do you speak yes or no

Answer 136

A likert scare was one word for indicates their agreement (otherwise) with a statement, using a scale of usually five words. The scale rages of struggle agreed, strongly disagree.

Answer 137

Rating skills working in a similar way, but get responded, so I identify value that represents the strength of feeling about a particular topic, for example from various entertaining to not entertaining

Answer 138

Fix choice option includes a list of possible options and respondents are required, indicate those that apply to them

Answer 139

Most interviews in an interview schedule, which is the little questions that the intensive cover use line there should be standard Adi to reduce the contaminating effect of interview bias. Typically, the interview will take make notes through this interview. All the interview recorded and analyse

Answer 140

Infuse usually involve an interviewer and a single person or the group interviews may be appropriate, especially in the clinical setting. In the case of a One 21 interview the interview. I should conduct the interview in a quiet room away from other people as this will increase the likelihood that the interview we will open up. It is good practice to begin the interview with some neutral questions to make the interviewee feel relaxed and comfortable, and as well as Establishing report. Of course, interviewees should be reminded on several occasions that their answers will be treated in the strictest confidence (ways of dealing with ethical issues page 179). This really important interview includes topics that may be personal or sensitive

Answer 141

Clarity is essential when designing questionnaires, an interview. If responders so confused, by or misinterpret particular questions, this will have an impact on the quality of the information received. With this in mind, the following are common errors and designs that should be voided as possible.

Answer 142

Geographers two technical terms that are familiar to those with a specialised field or area. For instance, the following question includes jargon: do you agree maternal deprivation and early childhood, inevitably, least affectionate psychopathy in life? Of course for psychologist specialist, you have chapter 3. You know what is mental deprivation person this would be confusing. This also unnecessarily complex that the best questions are simple easily understood.

Answer 143

Sometimes research is attitude towards a particular topic is clear from the way in which the question is phrased like following examples (is not obvious as student fee should be abolished). In the first examples like words and phrases, such as destroyed or emotive, and should be replaced with more neutral tits. The exam with the leaning question as a guy to respond. That was a particular answer. The fourth example is also leading as it assumed that the person being question has broken the speed limitat some point!

Answer 144

A double bar question contains two crisis one, the issue being that respondents may agree with one half the question or not the other. There is multiple straightforward ways of asking this question check the page

Answer 145

Mathematical technique in which research investigates and association between two variables called co-variables

Answer 146

The variables investigated with the correlation, for example, height and weight. They are not referred to as independent independent variables because of correlation investigates association between the variables whilst then trying to share a course and affect relationship.

Answer 147

As one cover increases so does the other. Free example, the number of people of room and noise to be posted correlated.

Answer 148

As one covert will increased the other decreases. For example, number of people and amount of pastel space tends to be negatively correlated.

Answer 149

When there is no relationship between the covariables. Dissociation between the number of people of Manchester, I was total ready for improve is likely to be zero.

Answer 150

Vancouver was on X season and the other is in the white sees each point of dust cough is the Y position of each covariable

Answer 151

In the experiment, the recess of controls them in the plates, the ivy in order to measure the effect of the DV. As a result of this deliberate change, one variable, it is possible to follow the IV cause any observe change in the DV. In contrast, in a correlation, there is no such manipulation of one variable, and therefore it is not possible to establish cause an effect who one covert and another. Even if we found a strong positive correlation between caffeine and anxiety level, we cannot assume that caffeine was the cause of the anxiety

Answer 152

Correlations are used as preliminary tool for research. By setting the strength and direction of relationship, they provide a precise and quantifiable measure of how to verb was related. This message just ideas for possible future research if variables are strongly related or demonstrate an interesting pattern. Correlations are often use as a starting point to assess possible patterns between the variables before research is committed to an experimental study.

Answer 153

Asians are quick economical to carry out. There is no need for controlled environment, ation and variables required. Data collected by others (such as statistics) use, which means correlations are less time-consuming, but experiments.

Answer 154

As a result of the lack of experimental manipulation control with the correlation, studies can tell us how it was related, but not why. Correlations cannot demonstrate causes and affect between variables, and therefore we do not know which covariable is called the other to change for example. For example, we cannot conclude the drinking caffeine causes anxiety. It may be that people who already are anxious more coughing as a result. So establishing the direction of the effect is an issue.

Answer 155

It may also be the case that another untested variable is causing the relationship between the two co-variables which were interested in an intervening variable known as a variable problem. Past people who have high pressure jobs, hence spend a lot of time and drink a lot of caffeine because they were long hours I need to run, remain alert and thereforethis unaccounted variable here is her job type which in effect is causing the relationship between the other two variables.

Answer 156

Largely because of the issues above correlations that can be occasionally misused or misinterpreted. Particularly in the media relationship between variables are sometimes presented as casual facts and reality they may not be. For instance, and often critic statistic in the relationship between being raised by single parent and increased like could’ve been involved in quite. This does not mean however, that single parent household cause crime all that children from such families will be relatively go to commit crime. There are many intervening or third variables at work, such as the possibility that your parent family have experienced emotional distress when the parents were top of this might explain the link from single parents and crime.

Answer 157

Data that expressing words are non-numerical (quantitive data may converts numbers for the purpose of analysis).

Answer 158

Data that could be counted, usually given as numbers.

Answer 159

Information that has been obtained firsthand by researcher for the purposes of a research project. In psychology, such data is off together directly from participants as part of experiment, self-report, or observation.

Answer 160

Information that has already been collected by someone else and so predict is the current research project. In psychology, such data might include the work of other psychologists or governments statistics.

Answer 161

The price of combining the finance from a number of studies on a particular topic. The aim, Mr produce an oh fourth statistical conclusion (the effect size) based on the range of studies. That should not be confused with the review or number of studies that had discussed.

Answer 162

What is the date expressing words, what the numbers of statistics may form which description of thoughts and feelings or over to the car about the research observed. That’s a transcript from the interview and straight from diary on notes recorded when the accounting session for Southport. Causes of mass of data collection of those that are concerned with interrupt of language, example, or unstructured observation.

Answer 163

Quantitive data is expressing an American. Quantitive collection techniques, usually gather numerical data in the form of individual scores from particles such as the number of words, a person was able to record a memory experiment. Davis is open to being statistically and can be easy, graphs, chart, etc.

Answer 164

Neither really, it depends upon the purpose and aims of the research. Also, there is significant overlap between the two: research is collective positive data as part of experiment may of an interview participants as a way of getting more insight into the experience of the investigation. Similarly, there are number of phaser which equal assistive data converted to numerical data.

Answer 165

call the date of a research and much more richness of detail than quantitive data. This is multiple in scope and gives the participants/respondent opportunity to fully report, their thought feelings and opinions on a different subject. For this reason qualitative the data tends to have greater external validity and quantitive data; it provides a researcher with a more meaningful insight into the participants worldview.

Answer 166

That said, quality to date, is often difficult to analyse. It tends to lend itself to being some statistically so that the persons are comparison within and between data may be identify. As a consequence, conclusion, often rely on the subjective interpretations of the research, and these may be subject to bias, particularly if the researcher halves preconceptions about what he says she is expecting the final.

Answer 167

Essentially, the evaluations of cognitive data are the opposite of those above – quantitive data is relatively simple to analyse, therefore comparison between groups can be easily drawn. Also, data is numerical forms tend to be more objective, less open to bias. On the other hand, quantitive data is much more narrow and meaning and detail and quantitive data. It is failed to present real life.

Answer 168

The main character primary data is that if it’s a job. Primary data is authentic data of obtained from the participants themselves for the purpose of a particular investigation. There’s an interview for since can be designed in such a way that there is specifically targeted variation, which requires. To produce primary data, however, requires time and effort on the part of the research. Conducting this, for instance, requires considerable planning, preparation, resources, and limitation, when compared with secondary data, which may be assessed within a mass of minutes.

Answer 169

In contrast, the primary data above, second data, maybe inexpensive and easy access requirement more effort. When examining secondary data, the research may find the designation or exist and so there is no need to conduct primary to collection. The flipside is that there may be substantial, variation the quality of separate data. Information appears to be volleyball and popon father investigation, maybe updated incomplete. Promising but on investigation may be our digital. The content of the data may not quite much research or objectives. This may challenge validity of conclusions.

Answer 170

The use of graphs, tables and summary summary, statistics to identify, trans and analyse sets of data

Answer 171

The general term of any measure of the average value in the set of data

Answer 172

Arithmetic average by adding up all the values undivided by the number of values.

Answer 173

Mode the most frequently occurring value in a set of data

Answer 174

The mean is the most sensitive of the right central tendency as it includes all the schools/buddies in the data set within the calculation. This means it is more representative of the data as a whole. However, the moon is distorted by extreme values. If we replace 17 in the detail above with the number 98, the mean becomes 18.8 which does not really represent the data over.

Answer 175

The start of the median unlike the mean is the extreme school do not affect us at all so whether replaces 17, the data of the media remains the same. It is also easy to calculate once you have an order. However, this is less than the meat aslow on high ignored extreme values may be important.

Answer 176

In some data, there may be two modes by model or low mode if all the schools are different. Although the mode is very easy, easy easy to calculate as a very crude measure. Not such a score of seven which is quite different from the main and the medium I’m not representative with the whole data said additionallywhen there are several months of a day, this is not a very useful piece of emotion. Or some flashing categories. The mode is the only method you can use. For example, if you ask your parcel desert, the only words identify the most typical average value would be to select the murder group

Answer 177

Based on the spread of school. That is, how far goes very far from what. We shall focus on two of these the range standard deviation.

Answer 178

However, it only takes into account the two months extreme values, and this may represent of the data set as a whole princess, people in math class achieve the following schools, so the top score of the low, scoring this example, that may not give a fair conversation representation of the general distributionof schools. The ranges influence by allies, the range also does not indicate where the most numbers are grouped around the mean, spread out where the standard deviation does show this aspect of dispersion

Answer 179

Calculate the standard the difference between each score and the mean is calculated. All the differences are then added up and divided by the number end of scores or (minus one is used). This gives the variance the standard deviation, the square root root of the variance.

Answer 180

The largest deviation, the greater expressional spread with Miss data. If we are talking about a particular condition with the experiment, and if you suggest that not all participants More affected by the IV in the same way and the date is quite widespread. It may be that there is a few anomalous results. A low deviation value of affective data is tightly cluster around the main which might imply that all participants responding from the way. The sound deviation is a much more precise much of dispersion range as it includes all in the final calculation. However, for this reason, like the mean it can be distorted by a single extreme volume. Also comics values may not be refilled, unlike the range.

Answer 181

Type of graph that represents the strength and direction of relation between cover variables in a correlational analysis.

Answer 182

Represent visually. The most graph is they use for discrete data what is the product to show that they were doing with separate positions?

Answer 183

If you measure 1000 variables, the people in your school, the three of these measurements should form about shaped car to photograph at the bottom left of the page called normal distribution symmetrical. Distribution most people are located in the middle area of the car with and for all the experiments. The main lead occupied the same midpoint of the cows of the curve never touch the horizontal never zero, as more schools out was possible.

Answer 184

Symmetrical spread of frequency data pattern. The mean medium and more at the highest peak.

Answer 185

A spread of frequency data that is not theatrical whether data classes to one end

Answer 186

The type of frequency distribution in which the long tail is on the positive (right) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated on the left.

Answer 187

A type of legal to distribution with the long towers on a negative (left) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated on the right.

Answer 188

The mode remains the highest point to the medium comes next, but the main is drugged across the tail. Remember how extreme school affect the moon here the very high, scoring hand dates in the test have had the effect of putting them into the right right where the median mode of which include all the school when they calculated remain less affected by this

Answer 189

The opposite are very easy test with producer distribution with the bark of the schools are concentration on the right resulting in the long top anomalous scored on the left the main port to the left this time due to the lower score who are in the minority with the mode dissecting the highest peak median in the middle

Answer 190

The assessment of scientific works by others who are specialist in the same field to ensure that any reason intended for publication is a high quality

Answer 191

The state of a country of reason production consumption of goods and services

Answer 192

the aim of sciences to produce a body of knowledge based on the results of research. In addition to carrying out the research, what matters is how this knowledge is communicated within the scientific community, and the wide Republic. In psychology, research findings are publicised to conferences, textbooks, but often via academic McDonald’s. Before a piece of research past journal however, it must be subject to a preview. This improves all aspects of written investigation being scrutinised by Smol three experts, and this particular expert should conduct review and be unknown to the author or researcher.

Answer 193

To allocate research funding. Independent peer evaluation also takes place to decide whether or not to award funding for a proposed research project. This may be coordinated by government run funding organisations that says the medical research council, who have invested interest in establishing which research projects are most worthwhile.

Answer 194

To take the quality and relevance of research. All elements of research are assessed for quality and accuracy: the formula of hypothesis, the methodology chosen, the statistical test used under conclusion drawn.

Answer 195

To suggest amendments or improvements. Review as most suggest minor revisions of the work and their by improve the report. In extreme, I can start this Monday, they may conclude that the inappropriate property should be withdrawn.

Answer 196

It is usual practice at the pay during the review, remains anonymous throughout the process as this is likely to produce a more honest appraisal. However, minority reviewers may use anonymity as a way of criticising rival research attitude they perceive having cost them in the pit! This is made all the more likely by the fact that many wishes are in direct competition for research. But some journals were prefer the open, reviewing where by the names of the reviewers are made public.

Answer 197

It is a natural tendency for editors of journals to want to publish significant headline, grabbing finding increase the credibility and circulation of the publication. They also refer to published post to results. This could mean that research doesn’t meet the criteria is ignored. Ultimately, this creates a impressional of the current state of psychology if general edits are being selective in what they published.

Answer 198

May suppress opposition to mainstream theories, wishing to maintain the status, Q you are within particular scientific fields. Reviews tend to be especially critical of resource that contradicts their own view, and much more favourable to that which matches it. Establish scientist, other ones who are most likely to be trans, review, particularly by prestigious and publishes. Other result, finding that chime, with current opinion are most likely to be part and an innovative resort that time does establish order. Thhs review you may have the effect of slowing tolerated change with a particular scientific discipline.

Answer 199

One of the wide concerns of psychology, as well as science in general, is what the implications of research of the economy. By implications, we mean – how does what we learned from the finance of cyclical, research, influence, affect, benefit, or value or financial prosperity? We will revisit to examples of disgust elsewhere in the book, the findings of the nation, financial well-being.

Answer 200

Attachment research has come considerable way since John baldly started that a child can only ever form a secure and lasting bond with its mother. At the time. Childcare was seen as a mother just responsibility and has a loan what the father was a free to carry out his natural role as the provider for the family. Maurice suggest that the father can equally fulfil the mother as well as the primary care giverand provide emotional support it is lots of households. This means that modern parents are better to maximise the income affectively to the economy. Crucially, this world is less valuable in the child of Lan. Psychological research on both parents are equally capable, providing the emotional support necessary. Just check the page for this page 203

Answer 201

Absence from work hospital about Leo. Recent government report reportable absence are caused by multiple mental health, such as depression, anxiety and stress cycle of research into the causes and treatment of mental disorders. Therefore has an important vote to pray to support healthy. We have to look at the mental Condition diagnosed quickly I’m going to treatment conditions are treated with the use of psychotherapy such as SSR eyes for depression and CD. Anti-anxiety, drugs and stress condition referral can be also made by GP with psychotherapy systematic or CBT individual skills in self treatment using similar methods. This means medic cases people with mental results are able to manage our condition. Affectively and return to work. The economic benefit of psychological research into disorder, such as depression is considerable.

Answer 202

Rides away of the tell me whether the hypothesis should be accepted or reject by using testing. We can find out whether the differences between fibrosis of significant or actually have a occurred by chance.

Answer 203

Statistical test used to analyse the difference in schools between what I said items example the the same participant test twice. You should be no

Answer 204

Just because we found difference in the number of words spoken the two conditions, we do not yet know what psychologist referred to a significant difference. The difference between Mary and Bean, no more than which could’ve occurred by chances by coincidence, or a fluke to find out your statistical testing

Answer 205

Call determine whether the difference we have found significant, we can use a simple school calculation called the scientist. There are statistical test in psychology, each of which of their own conditions of used to use the scientist:

Answer 206

We need to look for a different well done in association. We need to use a motor design. We need data that is organised is known as normal. Data data is a nominal, but we can convert it for the purposes of this test.

Answer 207

Put Bluetooth refers to the light. This is applied to understanding ofI’m obtain comes from a sample of apartments. What we want to know is how lucky these findings if the hypothesis is true. The hypothesis states there is no different association in the population. If we find a different association sample can we say this is truth the population

Answer 208

The accepted level of probability in psychology is 0.05 so it’s 5%. This is the level which resides the sides at the findings are meaningful and will reject the hypothesis. In some circumstances need to be more confident of the findings were not due to charge and so employees strict and more significant level of one percent. This is the case when research involved human class, such as when drugs are being particular investigation is one off and there’s no possibility that you can be repeated in the future. Even the recess is verified to significant differences within the data, they can never find statistical studies this was cycle such as this suggest this proves in the absence of proof or psychologist will be sufficient

Answer 209

When does the school test has been calculated the research is left with a number of staff to calculate the value. This needs to be compared with a critical value to decide whether the results soon form. The critical values for scientist I’ll give the table of critical values you need the following information to use the table: One.the significance level (January, 5%). 2.the number of Parsons investigation (value of freedom) 3. the hypothesis is directional one test or nondirectional to test. These pieces of information to locate the critical value data for the scientist, the calculate value has been all over critical value, but the result to be significant.

Answer 210

We need to come back to data to normal data about working out which part is use a higher count after the energy drink, which produced a lower word count. We do this by subtracting the school for water from the school for speed up. If the answer is negative, we record a sign it the answer it’s supposed to record +10.

Answer 211

On the table, we add up plus in the morning. Total number of pluses is the number of participants who spoke more in five minutes after drinking speed up than they did after drinking water. The total number of minuses is the number part of we spoke more words in the five minutes after drinking water than they did after drinking his food.

Answer 212

We take the less frequent (in this case, it is the total number of minuses) and call this S, therefore, S equals seven. This is all calculated value of S). Note if that if there had been any participants who spoke the same number words in both conditio participant got pretty close. This will be normal and the total number and would be adjusted.

Answer 213

No, we must compare our value with the critical value. The hypothesis was participants based in more words in five minutes after drinking speed up than five minutes after. The hypothesis is directional so we are looking for a one tail test. We will use the 5% level of significance this time. The column equals 20 this determine the row . The point where the column and meet give us the critical value. But the critical value for the scientist is 51N is 20 as 0.05 level of significance for a one test. The calculated value of S must be equal to or less than the critical volume at the 0.05, level of

Answer 214

We can see the full investigation, the calculated value of S (seven) more than the critical value of S (five) this can be expressed as seven is bigger than five. Therefore, the difference is not significant at 0.05 level. So even though there were a difference in the main number of words spoken between the two conditions, it was not a statistically significant different on this occasion. So it’s back to the drawing board for possible ways to make 1 million. Ha ha ha