Social Influence Flashcards

Question

Normative social influence (NSI)

Answer 1

An explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority because we want to gain social approved and be liked. This may need to compliance.

Answer 2

The 'parts ' people play as members of various social groups . Everyday examples include parent , child , student passenger and so on , These are accompanied by expectations we and others have of what is appropriate behaviour in each role ,f or example caring , obedient and industrious .

Answer 3

In the 1970s Philip Zimbardo and colleagues conducted one of the most memorable studies in psychology . -There had been many prison riots n America and Zimbardo wanted to know why -prison guards behaved brutally or was it there sadistic personalities or was it their social role

Answer 4

Zimbardo in 1973 set up a mock prison in the basemen of the psychology department at Stanford University . They selected 21 male student volunteers who tested as emotionally stable . -They were assigned randomly the role of a prison guard or prisoner .

Answer 5

the prisoners were given a loose smock to wear and a cap to cover their hair , and they were identified by number , their names were never used . -Guards were given their own uniform reflecting the status of their role , with wooden club handcuffs and mirror shades . -The uniforms created a loss of personal identity (called de-individuation ) , and meant they would be more likely to conform to the perceived social role .

Answer 6

The prisoners were further encouraged to identify with heir role by several procedures . -For example , rather than leaving the study early , prisoners could apply for the parole . -The guards were encouraged to play with heir role by being reminded that they had complete power over the prisoners .

Answer 7

-Guards took up their roles with enthusiasms , treating the prisoners harshly . -Within two days the prisoners rebelled , They ripped their uniforms shouted and swore at then guard ,who retaliated with fire extinguishers. -the guards used divide and rule tactics , by playing the prisoners off against each other . -the harassed the prisoners constantly , to remind them the powerlessness . For example they conducted frequent headcount even at night , guards highlighting the differences in social roles by creating opportunities to enforce he rules and administered punishments .

Answer 8

After the rebellion was put don , the prisoners became subdued , depressed an anxious , One was released because he showed symptoms of psychological disturbance. -two more were released on the fourth day . One prisoner went on hunger strike , the guars tried to force feed him , an they punished him by putting him in he hole of a dark tiny closet . -the guards started identifying more and more wit their role , an their behaviours becoming increasingly brutal and aggressive . Zimbardo has ro wand he day on day 6 instar do 14 .

Answer 9

The ‘parts’ people play as members of various social groups . Everyday examples include parent , child , student , passenger and so on . -Athena’s are accompanied by expectations we and others have of what is appropriate behaviour in each role , for example , caring , obedient , industrious .

Answer 10

Social roles appear to have a strong influence on individual’s behaviour . The guards became brutal and prisoners became submissive . -Such roles were very easily taken on by all participants . Even volunteers who came in to perform specific functions (such as the ‘prison chaplain’) found themselves behaving as if they were in a prison rather than in a psychological study .

Answer 11

One strength of the SPE is that Zimbardo and his colleagues had control over key variables . -the most obvious example of this was the selection of participants . -emotionally stable individuals were chosen and randomly assigned the roles of guard and prisoner . -this was one way in which the researchers ruled out individual personality differences as an explanation of the findings .

Answer 12

-if guards and prisoners behaved very differently , but were in those roles only by chance , then their behaviour must have been due to the role itself . -This degree of control over variables increased the interns validity of the study , so we cans be much more confident in drawing conclusions about the infleunce of roles on conformity .

Answer 13

One limitation of the SPE is that it did not have the realism of a true prison. . -Ali Banjazizi and Siamak Movahedi (1975) argued the participants were merely play-acting rather than genuinely conforming to a role . -Participants roles were based on their STEREOTYPES of how prisoners and guards are supposed to behave .

Answer 14

One of the guards claimed he had based his role on a brutal character from the film Cool Hand Luke . -This would also explain why the prisoners rioted - they thought that was what real prisoners did . -This suggests that the findings of the SPE tell us little about conformity to social roles in actual prisons .

Answer 15

However , McDermott (2019) argues that the participants did behave as if the prison was real for whom . For example , 90% of the prisoners conversations were about prison life . -Amongst themselves they discussed how it was impossible to leave the SPE before their ‘sentences’ were over . -Prisoner 416 , later explained how he believed the prison was a real one , bit run by psychologists rather than the government . -This suggests that the SPE did replicate the social roles of prisoners and guards in a real prison , giving the study a high degree of internal validity

Answer 16

-Another limitation is that Zimbaddo may ahve exaggerated the power of social roles to influence behaviour . -For example , one one-third of the guards actually behaved in a brutal Ajmer . -Another third , tried to apply the rules fairly .The rest activity tried to help and support the prisoners . -Thay sympathised , offered cigarettes and reinstated privileges .Most guards weee able to resists situational pressures to conform to a brutal role . THIS SUGGESTS , that Zimbaddo overstated his view that SPE participants were confronting to social roles and minimised the infleunce of disproportional factors .

Answer 17

Alternative explanation -Zimbaddo explanation for the guadds (and prisoners) behaviour was that conforming to a social role comes ‘’naturally’ and easily . -Being given the role of guard means that these participants will behave inevitability brutally because that is the behaviour expected of someone with that role .

Answer 18

However , Steve Reicher and Alex Haslam criticise Zimbardo’/ explanation because it does not account for the behaviour of non-brutal guards . -they used social identity theory (SIT) instead to argue that the ‘guards’ had to actively identify with their social roles to act as they did . CONSDIER : explain how SIT may have been a better explanation of the pursuing guards behaviour .

Answer 19

a form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order . The person issuing the order is usually a figure of authority , who has the power to punish when obedient behaviour is not forth coming .

Answer 20

Stanley Milgram designed a baseline procedure that could be used to assess obedience levels . This procedure was adapted in later variations by Milgram snd the baseline findings were used to make comparisons .

Answer 21

40 American men volunteered to take part in a study at Yale university in the USA. supposedly on memory . When each volunteer arrived at Milgram's lab , how was introduced to another participant (who was actually a confederate ) . -drew lots to to see who would be the teacher and who would be the learner . The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher . there was an experiment weaning lab coat (confederate ) -baseline procedure was arranged , teacher could hear learner and whenever he learner made a mistake on the memory task , learner was given electric shock by t . -Each mistake was 15 volts steps up to 40 , shocks were fake but labelled to suggest extremely dangerous.

Answer 22

every participant delivered shocks up to 300 volts . (12.5%) 5 participants stopped at 300 vaults . (intense shocks ) -65% continued up to450 fully obedient . -Milgram also collected quantitative and qualitative data , including observations such as the participants showing signs of extreme tension , like stutter tremble .

Answer 23

Before the study, Malcolm asked 14 psychology students to predict the participate his behaviour. The students estimated that no more than 3% of the participants would continue to 450 V. This shows that the findings were unexpected – the students underestimated how obedient people actually are. – Participants in the baseline study were debrief and assure that their behaviour was entirely normal. They were also sent a follow-up questionnaire 84% said they were glad of participated.

Answer 24

Milgram concluded that German people are not different. – The American participants in his study, were willing to buy orders, even when they might harm another person. He suspected that there were certain factors in the situation that encouraged obedient, so decided to conduct further studies to investigate these.

Answer 25

One strength is that Milam’s findings were replicated in the French documentary that was made about reality TV. – This documentary focused on a gameshow made, especially for the program. The part was in the game, believe that they were contestants in a pilot episode for a new show called the game of death. – They were paid to give fake electric shocks all by the presenter to other participants (who were actually out) in front of the studio audience. – 80% of the particles live the maximum sock of 464 two, apparently unconscious man. – The behaviour was almost identical to that of milk participants – nervous laughter, nailbiting and other signs of anxiety. – This supports Milgram original findings about audience of authority, and demonstrates that the findings were not just due to special circumstances.

Answer 26

What litres is that milk procedure may have been testing what he tended to test. – Milgram reported at 75% of his participant said they believe the socks were genuine. However, Martin and Charles Holland argued that plants behaved as they did because they didn’t really believe in the set up, so that they will play acting. – Do not Perry research confirmed this. She listened to tapes of participants and reported that only about half of them. Believe the shop for real. – 2/3 of these participants were disobedient. – This is suggest that participants may have been responding to demand characteristics fulfil the aim of the study.

Answer 27

However, Sheridan and Richard King conduct the study, using a procedure like milligrams. In the study, participants, Gabriel Shocka, puppy response to orders from experimental. Despite the real distress of that and more, 50% of the male students participants and 100% of the females delivered what they thought was a fatal shock. – This suggested effect in Malcolm study were genuine because people behaved even when the shock are real.

Answer 28

Are limitations that move conclusions about abundance may not be justified. – Alex Haslam at all show that Milgram partisan and invade when experimented delivered the first three vowel pots. However, every participant who was given the fourth part, you have no other choice, you must go home without exception, disobeyed. – According to social identity theory, participants in the study, only when they identified with scientific aims of research (experimental require continue). – When they were ordered to blindly, vote and authority, they refuse. This shows that IT may provide a more valid, interpretation of no fighting, especially as himself suggested that identifying with science is a reason for obedience.

Answer 29

The participants in the study were deceived. For exaggerate, the participants thought the allocation of souls (Nana), but in fact it was fixed. They also thought the shocks are real. Dealt with this by debriefing participants. – however, Diana Boomer criticise for deceiving his participants. She objected because she believed that deception in psychological studies can have serious consequences, participants and research. Consider: how much that should be limitation will research do the benefits outweigh the cost?

Answer 30

Circumstances

Answer 31

Features of the immediate physical and social environment may influence persons behaviour (such as proximity, location and uniform). – The alternative is dispositional variables and behaviour is explained in terms of personality.

Answer 32

In Milgram, based on study the teacher to clear the lineup and not see him. In the proximity, variation, teacher and Anna in the same room. The obedience rate dropped from the original 65% to 40%. – In the touch proximity, variation, the teacher had to force the hands onto an electro shock plate when he refused to answer a question. The obedience dropped further to 30%. – In the remote instruction variation, the experimental left the room and gave instructions to the child by telephone. Obedience reduced to 20.5%. The participants also frequently pretended to shock.

Answer 33

Decrease proximity allows people to psychologically to themselves from the consequences of their actions. For example, when the teacher and learner were physically separated (the baseline study), the teacher was less aware of the harm. They were causing to another person so they were more obedient. The graph on page 24

Answer 34

Malcolm conducted the variation of rundown office block, rather than in the prestigious university setting of the baseline study. In this location, obedient felt, 47.5%.

Answer 35

The prestigious university environment gave Malcolm study legitimacy and authority. Participants were more vegan in this location because they perceived that experimental share. This legitimacy and obedience was respected. However, obedience were still quite high in the office block because the participants perceived the scientific nature of the procedure.

Answer 36

In the baseline study, the experiment of work right lab coat as a simple office authority (kind of uniform). – In one variation, the experimental was called away because of inconvenient telephone call at the start of the procedure. – The role of experimental was taken over by an ordinary member of the public (confederate). In everyday clothes rather than a lab quote. – The audience were dropped to 20%, the lowest of these variations.

Answer 37

Uniform encouraged obedient because there are widely recognised symbols of authority. – We accept that someone in the uniform is entitled to expect because I authorities (it is granted by society). – Someone without a uniform has left right to expect our obedience .

Answer 38

One strength is that other studies have demonstrated the influence of situational variables and obedience. – In a field experiment in New York City., Leonard Breaburn had reconfirmed dress, different outfits – jacket and a tie, a milkman outfit and a security guard uniform. – Confederate individually, stood in the street and all passes to perform tasks such as picking up litter or handing over a coin for the parking meter. People are likely to be their assistant dressed as a security guard, then one dressing jacket and tie. – This supports of view that variable such as uniform does have a powerful photo on obedience..

Answer 39

And all the strength of milk and research is that his findings have been replicated in other cultures. – For instance, whim and Quintin Raj makers use the more realistic proceeds at the mill to study breedings in Dutch participants. – The participants were ordered so stressful. Things didn’t interview to someone desperate for a job. 90% of the participants Objede. The researcher was also replicated by concerning proximity when the person given the orders was not presented decreased dramatically. – This is suggest that fighting buttoned are not just limited Americans or males, but valid across cultures apply to females too.

Answer 40

However, replications of Milton said I’m not very cross cultural. Peter Smith and Michael Bond identified just two replicated between 90,68 and 1985, that took place in non-Western countries (india and Jordan). – All the countries involved in Spain, Australia, for example are not that culture different from the United States. For example of similar notion about the role of authority. – Therefore, it may not be appropriate to include that American fighting, including the variables of title, all people or cultures.

Answer 41

What limitation is the participants may have been a word of the procedure was fate. Martin on and Charles Holland made this criticism of Morgan baseline study. – They point out that is even more likely and variations, because of the extreme equation of variables. – A good example is the variation where experimented is replaced by a member of the public. – Even Milgram recognise that this situation was so contrived that some may well worked out the truth. –all of my studies, it is unclear whether the findings are genuine due to the operation because the participants deception and acted (responded to demand characteristics.

Answer 42

Morgan’s research finding supportive, situational explanation of obedient at back, proximity, location and uniform all aspects of the situation. – But this perspective has been criticised by David Mandel, who argues that it offers an excuse or alibi for evil behaviour. – In his view, it is offensive as far as the holocaustto suggest that the noughties were simply being all this. – Morgan’s explanation also support of disposal factors (such as personality) implying that were victims of factors beyond their control. – Consider: is the situation perspective?

Answer 43

A mental state where we feel no past responsibility for her behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure as their agent. Does this freeze us from the demand of our consciences and allow us to be even a destructive authority figure.

Answer 44

An explanation for obedience, which suggest that we are more likely to obey people who perceived our authority for us. – This authority is justified (legitimate) by the individuals position of power within a social hierarchy.

Answer 45

Instead, they believe that they are acting for someone else are that they are an agent. Nia is someone who asked for in place for an agent is not an unfeeling puppet. They experience high when they realise what they are doing is wrong, but they are powerless to disobey.

Answer 46

This is the opposite of being an agenic state. – Autumn means being independent or free. So personally state it’s free to be behaviour according to their own principles and sets of responsibility for their own actions. – The shifter agency is called the agent shift. Suggested that this occurs when a person perceives someone else as an authority figure. The authority figure has greater power because they have a higher position in a social hierarchy. – In my social groups, when one person is in charge of the legitimate authority of this person and shift from the autonomyto the agency.

Answer 47

Milgram observed that many of his participants said they wanted to stop seeing Paul to do so. – He wondered why they remained agenic state. The answer is binding factors – aspects of the situation that allow the person to ignore or minimise the damage affect of the behaviour and juice (more strain) feeding. – Morgan proposed a number of stages that the individuals uses, shifting of responsibility to the victim (– he was foolish to volunteer –) or denying the damage they were doing to the victims.

Answer 48

Most societies are structure in a hierarchical way. This means that people in Saturn sessions hold authority over the rest loss. – Example, parents, teachers, police officers, nightclub, bouncers, who have authority over us at times. – The authority they wield is legitimate in the sense that it is agreed by society. Most of us accept that authority figures have to be allowed to exercise social power over others because this last side to focus. – one of the consequences of this legitimacy Authority that some people are granted the power to punch others. We generally agreed that the police and courts have the power to punishes wrongdoers. So willing to give up some of our independence and hand control over to them because we trust them, and they exercise their authority appropriately. – Learning acceptance of legitimate authority from Todd from parents initially, and then teachers and adults generally.

Answer 49

Problems arise when judgement authority becomes destructive. – History too, often shown that charismatic and powerful leaders like Hitler). Can you sell legitimate parts for destructive purposes, ordering people to be behaving that are dangerous. – With Jesus, obviously study when they use pods to all participants behaving ways that went against that consciences.

Answer 50

One strength is that own study, support the role of the agenic state and diabetes. – Most of milk, participants resisted, giving the socks at some point, often also experimental questions about the procedure. – one of these was who was responsible for the Lana Home? – When the experimenter replied, I’m responsible, the assistance often went through the pursuit quickly withno further objections. – This shows that once participants perceived they were no longer responsible for their own behaviour, they acted more easily as experimented as agent, as suggested.

Answer 51

One limitation is that the agenic shift doesn’t explain many research findings about readings. For example, it does not explain the findings of Stephen and Carlo Jacobson‘s study. They found out 16 as of 18 hospital nurses dissipate orders from a doctor to administer certain access to a patient. – The doctors office authority figure, but almost as remote autonomousdid many of me from Spotify. This suggest that the agent shift can only account for some situations.

Answer 52

David Mandel described one instant in the second world War involving jam reserve police battalion, one oh one. – These men shot many civilians in a small town in Poland, despite not having direct order to do so (they were told they could be assigned to other duties if they preferred) they behave autonomously. Consider as the amount of vital on one oh one were not ordered to civilians, how does the behaviour challenge the agent explanation?

Answer 53

One strength of the legitimacy is that it is useful accountant of cultural differences in obedience. – Many studies show that countries differ in the degree to which people are beating into authority. For example, Wesley, Killam and Leon man found out That only 16% of female Australian polis all the way up to 450 V in the Milgram style study. However, David Mantle found a very different figure for German participants 85%. – This shows that in some cultures, authority is more likely to be accepted as entitled to demand obedience from individuals. – This reflects the way that societies are how children are used to perceive authority. To perceive authority.

Answer 54

One limitation is that legitimacy cannot explain instances of disobedience in a hierarchy, whether the legitimacy of authorities clearance accepted. – This includes the nurse in rank and Jacob and study. – Most of the mud despite working in a rigid, high authority, socks. – Also a significant minority of despite recognising the experimental scientific authority. – Suggest that some people may just be more or less obedient 🇷🇴 or less close back reading than others (the next spread). – It is possible that in tendencies about display, have a great influence on behaviour, then the legitimacy of authority figure

Answer 55

Rankin Jacobson found that nurses were prepared to disobey a legitimate authority (doctor). – Herbert Kellman and Lee Hamilton argue that a real world climb of obedience can be understood in terms of the power hierarchy of the US army. – Good morning officers operate with the legitimate hierarchy and hospital doctors and have a greater upon us. Consider how does this support the legitimacy of authority explanation.

Answer 56

Any explanation of behaviour that highlight is the importance of the individuals personality (i.e. their disposition) explanations are offering contrast, situational explanations.

Answer 57

A type of personality that Adorno argued was especially susceptible to people in authority. Such individuals are also thought to be submissive to those of higher status and dismissive of inferiors.

Answer 58

They believed that the causes of such a disorder along the personality of the individual rather than in the situation. It is a dispositional explanation.

Answer 59

I don’t know, argued that people with an authoritarian personality, first of all shown extreme respect (and submissiveness two) authority. – Second such people view society as a weaker than it once was, so believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values, such as the love of our country and family. – Both of these characteristics made people in authoritarian personality, more likely toobey orders from a source of authority.

Answer 60

People in authoritarian personality also so contempt. Those of inferior social services is fuelled by the inflexible outlook on the world – for them, they are no greater everything is either right or wrong, and they are very uncomfortable with uncertainty. – Therefore people who are other – belong to a different ethnic group) for example are responsible for the society. – Other people who are a convenient target for authoritarians who are likely to orders from authority figures, even when such orders are destructive (as in Nazi Germany).

Answer 61

Adonna believed that their thorite personality type forms in childhood, most as a result of harsh parenting. This pirating started typically feature, extremely strict discipline, expectation of absolute loyalty, impossible, high signers, and criticism of perceived failings. – Parents give conditional love that is there love and affection for their child dependent entirely on how he or she behaves I will love you if…).

Answer 62

So their fears are displaced onto others, who oppose to be weaker, in a process known scapegoating. This explains the hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior, or who belong to other social groups central feature obedience to a higher authority. This is a psychodynamic explanation.

Answer 63

I don’t know study more than 2000 middle-class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups. – The researcher developed cable measurements skills, including the potential for fascism scale scale. – This girl is still used to measure authoritarian personality. – 2 samples of artist from the Eco obedience are respected for authority are the most important virtues for children to learn. And there’s hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel great love. You don’t respect for his parents.

Answer 64

People with a Thon meanings (who scored high Escale and other ashes) identified with a strong people and generally contemptuous of the week. – They were very conscious of status and extreme respect, defence and stability to those highest status. These traits are the base of obedience. – I also found the authority and people had a certain cognitive style (perceiving others), which was nosiness between characters of peoplelike black-and-white) – these people had fixed distinctive exercise and other groups. – We found a strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice.

Answer 65

One strength is evidence from Milgram supporting the authoritarian personality. – Morgan, together with Alan elms interviewed a small sample of people who had participate in the original studies and had been fully obedient. – They were completed the escrow and as part of the interview these 20 billion participants scored significantly higher on the oval escrow and a comparison of 20 participants. The two groups were quite clearly different in internal author terms. – This findings support adore you that would be doing people may well show similar characteristics to people who have an authoritarian personality.

Answer 66

However, when the research is unlike the individual sub, they found that the obedient participants had a number of cards that were unusual for authoritarians for example, like authoritarians more obedient participants genuinely did not clarify, their father did not experience unusual levels of punishment and Charlton and did not have particularly hostile ashes towards their mothers. – This means that the link between the readings and the Arianism is complex. The reason partisans were unlike authoritarians, and only way that authoritarianism is to be a useful predictor of obedience.

Answer 67

One limitation is the authoritarianism cannot explain abiding behaviour in the majority of a countries population. – For example, in pre-war, Germany, monies of Indus, despite breeding, races and anti-Semitic behaviour. – This is, despite the fact that they must’ve deferred in their personalities and all sorts of ways. – This seems extremely unlikely that they could all possess an author and personality. – No alternative New, is that the majority of the German people identify with the anti-Semitic, Nazi and scapegoated the group produce a social identity theory. Ustherefore there is limited because that no explanation is much more realistic.

Answer 68

Another limitations are the Eco or towards extreme form of wiring ideology. Richard Christian Jehovah physically biased of diary and personality. – They point out the reality of littering the Arianism is in the shape of Roshen ballism or Chinese mannerism. In fact, extreme right wing and left ideologies have a lot in common. For example, they both emphasising import of complete breedings to political authority. – This means adorn. There is not a comprehensiveexplanation that can obedience to authority across the whole political spectrum.

Answer 69

On the positive side, research with the escrow has provided the basis of the explanation of breeding, basic authoritarian personality. – On the other hand, Fred Greenstein caused the Eco accommodative of methodological errors, because it is a seriously flood scale. – France, for instance, it is impossible to get a high school just by selecting answers. This means that anyone with this response was assessed as having the territory personality. Consider how useful is the escort in helping us understand obedience?

Answer 70

refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform tot he majority or to obey authority . This ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors .

Answer 71

the presence of people who resit pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same . -These poeple acta ss models to show others that resistance to social influece as possible .

Answer 72

refers to the sense we have each have about what direct events in our lives . Internals believe they are mostly responsible for what happens tot hem (internal locus of control .) -External believe it is mainly a matter of luck or other outside forces (external locus of control )

Answer 73

the pressure to conform can be resisted if there are other people present who are not conforming . -as we saw in Solomon Asch's research , the confederate who is not conforming may not be giving the right answer . -simply the fact that someone else is not following the majority IS SOCIAL SUPPORT , IT ENABLES THE NAIVE participantto be free is to follow thier own conscience . -the confederate acts aas a model of indpeendent behavbour , their dissent gives rise to more dissent because it shows that the majoirty is no longer unanimous .

Answer 74

the pressure to obey can be resisted if there is another person who is seen to disobey one of Milgram's variations , the rate of obedience dropped from 65 to 10 when the genuine participants was joined by a disobedient confederate . -the participant may not follow the disobedient person's behaviour but the point but the point is that the other persons disobedience acts as a model of dissent for the participant to copy and this frees him t act from his own conscience . the disobedient model challenges the legitimacy of the authority figure making it easier for others to disobey .

Answer 75

ju8lian rotter proposed locus as a concept concerned with internal control versus external control . -some people have an internal loco = they believe that the things that happen tot hem are largely controlled by themselves = example you do well in exam because you worked hard not because u didn't work hard .

Answer 76

some people tend to believe things that happen are outside of their control . -so , if they did well in an exam , it was because they used an excellent textbook . But if they failed an exam , they would , tend to blame it on the textbook or they had bad luck , because the questions were hard .

Answer 77

people are not just internal or external . -LOC , is a scale and individuals vary in their position on it . -so high internal loc is at one end of the continuum and high external at the other . low internal and low external lie inbetween .

Answer 78

people with a high internal loc are more able to resits pressures to conform or obey . If a person takes personal responsibility for their actions and experiences (as internals do ) , they tend to base their decisions on their own beliefs rather than depending on the opinions of others . -another explanation , is that people with high internal loc tend to be more self-confident , more achievement oriented and have higher intelligence . -these traits lead to greater resistance to social influence . They also lead to characteristics if leaders who have much less need for social approval than followers .

Answer 79

one strength is research evidence for the positive effects of social support . -for example susan albrecht evaluated teen fresh START IN THE USA . -an 8 week programme to help pregnant adolescents . -showed that adolescents that had a buddy were less likely to smoke than those who did not . -This shows that social support can help young people resit social influences as a part of intervention in the real world .

Answer 80

another strength is research evidence to support the role of dissenting peers in resisting obedience . -willliam gamson - participants were told to produce evidence that owul be needed to an oil company or a smear campaign . -they found higher levels of resistance in the study that Milgram did . -this was because they were told hat to do and allowed to discuss . 529 out of 33 groups rebelled against their orders . -this shows that peer support can lead to disobedience by undermining the legitimacy of an authority figure .

Answer 81

a study by vernon allen and john levine showed that social can help individuals to resist the influence of a group . In Asch-type task , when the dissenter was someone with apparently good eyesight , 64% of the participants refused to conform when there was no supported only 3% . -this study however , also showed that social support does not always help ,as when the dissenter had obviously poor eye sight resistance was only 36 % . -consider : on balance what does this suggest about the validity of the social support explanation in the context of resisting social influence .

Answer 82

one strength is research evidence to support the link between loc and resistance to obedience . -Charles Holland repeated Milgram's baseline study and measured whether participants were either internals or externals . -He found that 37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level ,whereas only 23% of externals did not continue ., in other words , internals showed greater resistance to authority in a Milgram type situation . -this shows that resistance is at least partly related to loc , which increases the validity of loc as a n explanation of disobedience .

Answer 83

one limitation is evidence that challenges the link between loc and resistance . -for example , jean twenge analysed data from American locus of control studies . -conducted over a 40 year period (from 1960 to 2002 ) . -the data showed that over this time span , people became more resistant to obedience but also more external . -this is a surprising outcome , if resistance is linked to an internal locus of control , we would expect people to have become more internal . suggesting locus of control is not a valid explanation of how people resist social influence . -

Answer 84

as we have seen , many studies show that having an internal loc is linked with being bale to resist social influence , however rotter shows that it is not the most important factor in determining whether someone resits social influence . -loc's role depends more on the situation , a persons loc only significantly effects their behaviour in new situations , if you have conformed or obeyed in a specific situation in the past , the chances as you will do so again in that situation regardless if whether you have a high internal or external loc .

Answer 85

a form of social influence in which a minority of people (sometimes just one person ) persuades others to adopt their beliefs attitudes or behaviours . -Leads to internalisation or conversion , in which private attitudes are changed as well as public behaviours .

Answer 86

minoriaty influence is most effective if the minority keeps the same beliefs , both overtime and between all the indivduals that form the minority .

Answer 87

My influence is more powerful, the minority demonstrates dedication to the position. For example, by making personal sacrifices, this is effective because it shows the minority is not acting out of self interest.

Answer 88

Minority influence refers to the verses of one person or a small group of people (minority) influences the behaviour of other people. – This is a thing from conformity where the majority is doing the influencing (dust conform to someplace called majority influence). Both cases the people being influenced may just be one person or a small group of large group of people. –is most likely totalisation both public behaviour and private. Moscow, study process, study, and other research has been attention to 3 main processes in minority influence

Answer 89

The model must be consistent of view. Overtime, this consistency increases the amount of interest from other people. Consistency can take the form of agreement between people in the malic group (syn, chronic consistency – they all say the same thing). And consistency, overtime (iconic consistency, they’ve been saying the same thing the same time now. Consistent minority takes other people to start reading their own views. (maybe they’ve got a point if they all think this way, or maybe they’ve got a point if they have kept saying)

Answer 90

The minority must demonstrate movements of views. Sometimes minorities engage in quite extreme activity to draw attention to their views. – Is a portal that these extreme activities use present some risk to the minority because it shows great commitment. Majority group members, then pay more attention (well she must really believe what she’s saying so perhaps consider you). This is called augmentation principal called augmentation principal

Answer 91

Charles, the argue that consistency is not the only important fact so minority influence because it can be offputting. – Someone who is extremely consistent, who simply repeats the same old argumentative behaviour again again, maybe that widget unbending and dogmatic. – This approach on his own is unlikely again many converts into the minority position. – Said, members of the minority needs to be prepared to adapt the point of view and accept reasonable and valid counter arguments. The balance between consistency and flexibility.

Answer 92

All of the three factors outlined above make people think about them minorities. Here is something you already agree with, doesn’t usually make you stop and think. But if you hear something new, then you might think more deeply about it, especially if the source of this other view is consistent permitted and flexible.

Answer 93

it is due for assessing, which is important in the process of conversion to a different, my Lord of viewpoint. Overtime, increasing numbers of people switch from the majority position to the minority position this has become converted. The more this happens to fall of the road conversion this is called the snow like a snowball gathering as a minority has become the majority of you change.

Answer 94

One strength is recess evidence demonstrating the importance of consistency. – Moscow blue green size study, so that consistency 102 opinion had a great effect on changing the views of other people inconsistent opinion. When were carried out metal analysis studies and found that moral issues who were seen as being consistent when most influential suggested, sent to consist of you as a minimum requirement for minority, trying to influence a majority.

Answer 95

Not a strength is evidence showing that a change in the majorities position does not involve deeper processing of the motor is Robin Martin is possess supporting a particular viewpoint and measured participants agreement. – One group of participants and her minority group agree with initial view of file exposed to complex view, as were measured again.

Answer 96

People were less willing To change their opinions if they had listened to one group, then if they had listened to a majority group, do you learn New this is suggest that the minority has been more deeply processed and had a more of food on supporting the central argument about how monarchy

Answer 97

Reset studies such as Martin makes clear distinctions between majority of minority. – Doing this in a controlled way is a strength of minority infants research. As real social influence situations are much more complicated. Example majorities, you have a lot more power and the minorities.

Answer 98

I know she’s very committed to the course they have to be because they often face very hostile opposition. Do let these who are absent from minority influence research – the minority sympathy this morning. Therefore Martin findings are limited in what they can tell us about minor situation

Answer 99

Warn them taste on my chin for 330. Is that the tasting board that Austin just as artificial as ashes line Jasmine task. Moskov, task of identify the colour of slide. Research is therefore far removed from her attempt to change behaviour. Majority in real life in case he has a jewel more important, even a little really massive death. – This means findings of minority influence that is unlucky instead of an Olympian what they can tell us about minority influence group situation, how minority influence group situation?

Answer 100

Power of minority influence. – Moscow study agreement with a consistent minority was very low, on average, only 8%. This is suggest that minority influence is quite rare and useful concept. But when pot is down there privately, they were more likely to agree with the minority. This is suggested that you expressed by people in public was just the tip of the iceberg. Collin, on the base of these two findings is minority influence are valid for social.

Social Influence Flashcards

(126 cards)