attachment

Question 1

feldman and eidelman 2007

Answer 1

mothers pick up on and respond to their babies alertness 2/3 of the time

Question 2

Meltzoff and Moore 1977

Answer 2

observed beginings of interactional synchrony in babies 2weeks+. adult displayed 1/3 facial expression or 1/3 gestures, babies response filmed and labelled by independent observers, likely to mirror actions.

Question 3

isabella et al 1989

Answer 3

observed 30 mothers and babies together and assessed the degree of synchrony, also assessed quality of attachment. high levels of synchrony assosiated w better attachment.

Question 4

feldman 2012

Answer 4

ideas like synchrony simply give names to patterns of observable behaviours, can be observed but may not be useful in understanding child development, doesnt tell us purpose of behaviours.

Question 5

schaffer and Emerson 1964

Answer 5

studied attachment behaviours of babies, longitudinal observation of 60 Glasgowbies, mothers recorder behaviour in diary and researchers visited every month for year then 18m, questioned about behaviour. 4 attachment types

asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple

Question 6

Schaffer and Emerson ROF

Answer 6

3% fathers first sole attachment at 7 months. 27% father joint attachment. 75% babies formed attachment to father by 18months.

Question 7

Grossmann et al 2002

Answer 7

longitudinal study, babies attachments studied until teens, looked at parents behaviour and relationship to quality of baby’s later attachments to other people. quality with mothers related to attachments in adolescence. fathers less important.
fathers play with babies related to quality of adolescence attachment, distinctive role, play and stimulation.

Question 8

Field 1978

Answer 8

filmed 4 month babies in face to face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers, primary caregivers.
both primary caregivers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding babies than secondary caregiver fathers, reciprocity and interactional synchrony, process of attachment formation.
fathers have potential.

Question 9

McCallum and Golombok 2004

Answer 9

children from single parent and same sex parents dont develop differently from children in 2 parent heterosexual families.
fathers may not have distinctive role.

Question 10

Lorenz 1952

Answer 10

observed imprinting, divided clutch of eggs, half hatched with mother goose in natural environment, other in incubator where first moving object was Lorenz, followed first moving object - imprinting.
critical period for imprinting.

Question 11

Lorenz case study

Answer 11

described peacock, reared in reptile house, firstmovin objects they saw were giant tortoises. only showed direct courtship to the tortoises, sexual imprinting.

Question 12

Regolin and Vallortigara 1995

Answer 12

supports imprinting (Lorenz), chicks exposed to simple shape combinations that moved, all shapes shown and they followed original one most closely, innate mechanisms.

Question 13

harlow 1958

Answer 13

infant monkeys preferred cloth-covered mother to a wire one regardless of which provided milk.
monkeys without mother dysfunctional as adults
critical period - 90 days to attach to mother figure or no attachment.

Question 14

Howe 1998

Answer 14

lack of bonding is risk factor in child development, can intervene to prevent poor outcomes, real world application Harlow.

Question 15

dollard and miller 1950

Answer 15

caregiver infant attachment can be explained by learning theory, emphasises importance of attachment figure as provider of food.

Question 16

Sears 1957

Answer 16

drive reduction theory, as caregivers provide food, the primary drive of hunger becomes generalised to them, attachment is secondary drive learned by association between caregiver and satisfaction of primary drive.

Question 17

Bowlby 1988

Answer 17

monotropic theory, childs attachment to first caregiver is different and more important than the others.
law of contunuity, law of accumulated separation.

social releasers, critical period, internal working model

Question 18

Brazelton et al 1975

Answer 18

observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers, adults instructed to ignore, babies became distressed.
role of social releasers in emotional development, important in attachment process.

Question 19

Bailey et al 2007

Answer 19

attachment relationshios in 99 mothers and 1yo babies compared to mothers attachment to own PAF.
mothers with poor attachment to own PAF more likely to have poorly attached babies.
supports bowbly internal working model

Question 20

korienko 2016

Answer 20

genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affect behaviour in both babies and adults, could also impact parenting ability

Question 21

Ainsworth and Bell (1970)

Answer 21

The Strange Situation, aim to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of baby’s attachment to a caregiver.
controlled observation
proximity seeking, secure base, stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety, reunion response.

Question 22

Ainsworth et al 1978

Answer 22

distinct patterns of child behaviour.
1.secure attachment - B, 60-75% British babies
2. Insecure-avoidant - A, 20-25% babies
3. Insecure- resistant - C, 3%

Question 23

Wilson and Smith 1998

Answer 23

assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using questionnaire 196 children in London.
secure- not involved
avoidant- victims
resistant - bullies.

Question 24

Ward et al 2006

Answer 24

babies that have type B attachment tend to go onhaving better mental health in adulthood.

Question 25

kagan 1982

Answer 25

genetically inflenced anxiety levels could account for variations in attachment behaviour in the strange situation and later development.
SS may not measure attachment.

Question 26

Bick et al 2012

Answer 26

tested inter-rater reliability for SS, trained observers, agreement on attachment type in 94% of cases, controlled conditions and behaviours esy to observe.
objective

Question 27

Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg 1988

Answer 27

cultural variations in attachment, meta-analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries, found more vairation of attachment with same country than between countries, most B.
individualist- type C smililar to SS
collectivist - rates of C above 25%.

Question 28

Silmonelli et al 2014

Answer 28

76 babies, 12months
50% secure
36% insecure avoidant
increase in no mothers of young children who work long hours and need professional childcare
SS not temporally valid

Question 29

Jin et al 2012

Answer 29

Korea, SS used 87 babies
similar results
more inscecure resistant than avoidant
japan similar in izjendoorn study, similar child rearing styles.

Question 30

Goldfarb 1947

Answer 30

founf lower IQ in children whohad remaines in institutions as opposed to those who were fostered and had higher standard of emotional care.

Question 31

Bowlby 1944

Answer 31

44 thieves study, link between AP and MD. thieves interviewed for signs of AP, families interviewed.
compared to control group, emotionally disturbed teens.
14/44 thieves AP
12/14 MD
30/44 experienced separations
2/44 control MD

Question 32

Rutter 1981

Answer 32

distinction early -ve experience
deprivation- loss of PAF after attachment developed.
privation- failure to form any attachment in the first place (institutionalised)
long tern result of deprivation more due to privation
goldfaarbs children prived, not deprived.

Question 33

Koluchova 1976

Answer 33

Czech twins, experienced sever physical and emotional abuse 18m-7yo, both recieved excellent care and recovered fully when teens.
lasting harm not inevitable, critical period more sensitive period.

Question 34

Rutter et al 2011

Answer 34

followed 165 romanian orphans, ERA, adopted by families in UK.
development assessed ages 4,6,11,15 and 22-25 years.
control group 52 british adoped children
arrival- delayed intellectual development, undernourished
adopted before 6m iq 102,
adopted 6m-2y was 77, also showed disinhibited attachment.

Question 35

Zeanah et al 2005

Answer 35

Bucharest Early Intervention project.
assesed attachment using SS in Romanian children 12-31months, 90% instition care
compared to control group not adoptees.

74% control group secure type
19% insitutionalised group
44% disinhibited attachment.

Question 36

Hazan and Shaver 1987

Answer 36

association between attachment and adult relationships.
analysed 620 replies to a love quiz printed american local newspaper
section 1- current relationships
section 2- general love experience
section 3- choose best suited statement

56% securely attached - good relations
25% avoidant
19% resistant - both avoidant showed jealousy and fear of intimacy.

attachment reflected in romantic relations.

Question 37

McCarthy 1999

Answer 37

40 adult women, assessed when babies to esablish early attachment type, those securely attached as babies had best adult relationships, insecure resistant had problems maintating relationships.
avoidant struggled with intimacy.

Question 37

Clarke and Clarke 1998

Answer 37

influence of early attachment is probabilistic, insecure attachment doesnt invariably cause increased risk of later developmental problem.