forensic psychology

Question 1

canter et al 2004

Answer 1

analysis of 100 US murders each commited by different serial killers. smallest space analysis used, identifies different samples of behaviour. assessed co-occurence of 39 aspects, subset of features matched organised offenders. validity top down

Question 2

Godwin 2002

Answer 2

difficult to classify killers as organised or disorganised, more of a continuum.

Question 3

meketa 2017

Answer 3

top-down applied to burglary, 85% rise in solved cases in 3 US states, adds interpersonal (stealing something of significance) and opportunistic (inexperienced young offender). wider application.

Question 4

canter and larkin 1993

Answer 4

Canter’s circle theory, centre of gravity, marauders and commuters.

Question 5

Canter and Heritage 1990

Answer 5

analysis 66 sexual assault cases, data examined smallest space analysis, common behaviours, interpersonal language and lack of reaction to victim. case linkage to same offender
investigative psychology

Question 6

Lundrigan and canter 2001

Answer 6

collated info from 120 murder cases, involving serial killers in the US, smallest space analysis, spatial consistency of behaviours, location created centre of gravity, identified offender.
geographical profiling.

Question 6

Ainsworth 2001

Answer 6

other factors are just as important in creating a profile, such as the timing og the offence and the age and experience of the offender
geographical information insufficient

Question 7

Lombroso 1876

Answer 7

criminals were genetic throwbacks, atavistic form.
examined skulls of 380 dead and 3800 living convicts, 40% criminal acts commited by people with atavsitic features.

Question 8

Goring 1913

Answer 8

comparison 3000 offenders 3000 non offenders, no evidence that offenders are a distinct group with unusual characteristics. challenges atavistic theory.

Question 9

Christiansen 1977

Answer 9

studied over 3500 twin pairs in Denmark, concordance rates offender behaviour 35% MZ 13% DZ. genetic

Question 10

Crowe 1972

Answer 10

adopted children whose biological mother had a criminal record had 50% risk of having criminal record by 18, adopted children without criminal bio mother only 5% risk.

Question 11

Mednick et al 1984

Answer 11

13000 danish adoptees, neither bio or adoptive parents had convictions, adoptees were 13%, rose to 20% when either had convictions, 24.5% when both.
support for genetic inheritance plays important role in offending, environmental influence clearly also important.

Question 11

Tiihonen et al 2015

Answer 11

two genes, MAOA and CDH13, associated with violent crime.
MAOA regulates serotonin, linked to aggression
CDH13 linked to substance abuse and ADHD, 5-10% all violent crime attributable to genes in Finland .

Question 12

Keysers 2011

Answer 12

found that only when offenders were asked to empathise did their empathy reaction activate (mirror neurons), APD not without empathy, neural switch.

Question 13

Raine

Answer 13

dozen brain-imaging studies demonstrating APD have reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex, regulates emotional behaviour.

Question 14

raine et al 2000

Answer 14

11% reduction in volume of grey matter in prefrontal cortex of people with APD.

Question 15

Kandel and Freed 1989

Answer 15

reviewe evidence of frontal lobe damage (prefrontal cortex) and antisocial behaviour. Impulsive behaviour, emotional instability and inability to learn from their mistakes. FL plannning behaviour. brain damage cause offending in bv

Question 16

Farrington et al 2006

Answer 16

group of men who scored high on APD, various risk factors in childhood, raised by neglected parent and being physically neglected, caused APD and neural differences.
relationship between APD and offending is complex, other intervening variables.

Question 17

Eyesenck 1947

Answer 17

proposed behaviour could be represented along 2 dimensions, introversion-extroversion (E) and neuroticism-stability (N). later added third, psychoticism-stability (P).
developed EPQ

Question 18

Eyesenck and Eyesenck 1977

Answer 18

compared 2070 prisoners’ scores on the EPQ with 2400 controls, prisoners had higher averages on E N P. offenders rte higher on each dimension.

Question 19

Farrington 1982

Answer 19

conducted a meta-analysis of relevant studies, offenders core higher for P but not E or N.

Question 20

Moffitt 1993

Answer 20

distinction between offending behaviour that occurs in adolescence and that continues into adulthood, personality traits too simplistic predictor, persistance due to reciprocal process between personality and environment.
limits Eysenck

Question 21

Bartol and Holanchock 1979

Answer 21

studied Hispanic and African-American offenders in maximum security prison in NY, divided into 6 groups, all less extravert than non-off group.
eyesenck culturally relative

Question 22

Kohlberg 1968

Answer 22

moral reasoning, higher stage more sophisticated reasoning, Heinz dilemma.

pre-conventional morality : avoid punishment and personal gain

conventional morality: approval, maintain social order

post-conventional morality: social contract, conscience

Question 23

clive and hollin 1998

Answer 23

compared MR in 332 non-offenders and 126 convicted offenders, 11 moral dilemma questions, offender group less mature.
supports Kohlberg

Question 24

Thorton and Reid 1982

Answer 24

ppl who commited crimes for financial gain (robbery) more likely pre-con MR than impulsive crimes (assault). pre-con, good chance of evading punishment.
theory doesnt apply to all crimes, depends on type of offence.

Question 25

Schonenberg and Justye 2014

Answer 25

55 violent offenders w images of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. when compared to non-off control group, violent more likely to percieve images as angry and hostile.
evidence HAB

Question 26

dodge and frame 1982

Answer 26

showed children video clip of “ambiguous provocation”, agressive children interpreted situation as more hostile than non-aggressive.
HAB support

Question 27

Bandura 1973

Answer 27

euphemistic label, downplays serious offence, “supporting my family”.

Question 28

Barbaree 1991

Answer 28

among 26 rapists, 54% denied they had committed an offence at all, 40% minimised the harm they had caused to the victim.
minimalisation.

Question 29

Howitt and Sheldon 2007

Answer 29

gathered questionnaire responses from sexual offender, non-contact sex offenders used more cognitive ditortions than contact sex offenders. previous history of offending more likely. limits cognitive distortions, not used in same way in all offenders.

Question 30

Sutherland

Answer 30

differential association theory, ppl learn offending through interaction and association with different people.
learning attitudes and techniques

Question 31

Blackburn 1993

Answer 31

inadequate superego, not controlled leading to offending.
weak, deviant, over-harsh.

Question 31

Bowlby 1944

Answer 31

maternal deprivation, affectionless psychopathy, 44 thieves study.

Question 32

Goreta 1991

Answer 32

Freudian-style analysis of 10 offenders, disturbances in superego formation diagnosed, each experienced uncoscious guilt and need for self-punishment. over-harsh superego
rs

Question 33

kochanska

Answer 33

parents who rely on harsher forms of discipline tend to raise chilren who are rebellios and rarely express feelings of guilt or self-criticis.
limitation for super ego

Question 34

Lewis 1954

Answer 34

analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people, MD poor predictor of future offending, ability to form close relationships.
limitation of bowlby.

Question 35

Yuhenko 2019

Answer 35

recidivism rates in Uk one year of release 45% recently.
Norway 20%, rehabilitation

Question 36

Bartol 1995

Answer 36

for many offenders imprisonment can be “brutal, demeaning and generally devastating.”

Question 37

Prison Reform Trust 2014

Answer 37

25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis, oppressive prison regimes detrimental to psychological health.

importation model

Question 38

Shirley 2019

Answer 38

offenders who take part in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend following release.
support custodial sentencing.

Question 39

Hobbs and Holt 1976

Answer 39

introduced token economy programme with groups of young offenders acress 3 behavioural units, significant difference in +ve behaviour compared to non-token economy group.
supports behaviour modification

Question 40

field et al 2004

Answer 40

found token economy programme with young people generally effective, still some who did not respond.

Question 41

Basset and Blanchard 1977

Answer 41

any benefits of token economy lost if staff applied techniques inconsistently, inappropriate staff training and high turnover. behaviour modification must ensure full and consistent staff participation.

Question 42

Novaco 1975

Answer 42

cognitive factors trigger emotional arousal, precedes aggressive acts, some people anger quick to surface.

Question 43

keen et al 2000

Answer 43

studied progress made with young offenders 17-21, anger managment programme, 8 2hour sessions over month period. initial issues, inal outcomes generally positive, awareness of difficulties, capacity to self-control.

Question 44

Blackburn 1993

Answer 44

anger managment doesnt reduce recidivism in long term, application based on role-play.

Question 45

howells 2005

Answer 45

investigation with Australian offenders, anger managment programme little overall impact co pared to control group.
some progress with those who showed intense anger before programs and those treatment ready
only benefits those who fit a certain profile.

Question 46

Loza and Loza Fanous 1999

Answer 46

no difference in levels on anger between violent and non-violent offenders, misguided programmes, provide justifications for behaviour.

Question 47

Shaplnand 2008

Answer 47

reported results of major 7 year research project, 85% survivors reported satisfaction with face-to-face meeting with offender. 78% recomend to others, only 2% said it made feel worse.
restorative justice

Question 48

Suzuki 2016

Answer 48

restorative processes not as survivor-focused as reported, distorted process, become used.

Question 49

strang 2013

Answer 49

compared offenders who experiences f-t-f restorative justice w custodial sentensing , RS less likely to offend