relationships

Question 1

Darwin 1871

Answer 1

sexual selection, selection of characteristics that aid successful reproduction

Question 2

Trivers 1972

Answer 2

females make greater investment of time, commitment and other resources before, during and after birth of their offspring, concequences more serious, mating stratergy partner who is able to provide resources

Question 3

Fisher 1930

Answer 3

sexy sons hypothesis, genes we see today are those that enchanced reproductive success.

Question 4

Clark and Hatfield 1989

Answer 4

sent male and female psychology students across campus, approached other students to ask to sleep with them, 0% females said yes, 75% men did immediately, females choosier than men.

Question 5

Buss and Schmit

Answer 5

both males and females adopt similar mating stratergies when seeking long-term relationships. Both sexes choosy, more complex and nuanced view than previously.

Question 6

Buss 1989

Answer 6

survey of 10k adults in 33 countries, asked questions relating to variety of attributes that evolutionairy theory predicts are important in partner preference.
females greater value on resource- related characteristics then males,
males valued physical attraction and youth (good reproductive capacity).
predict sexual selection theory

Question 7

Altman and Taylor 1973

Answer 7

social penetration theory, gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone else, reciprocal exchange of self-disclosure.

Question 8

Reis and Shaver 1988

Answer 8

needs to be a reciprocal element to self-disclosure.

Question 9

Sprecher and Hendrick 2004

Answer 9

studied heterosexual dating couples, strong correlations between several measures of satisfaction and self-disclosure for both partners.

Question 10

Haas and Stratford 1998

Answer 10

57% homosexual men and women that open and honest self-disclosures was the main way they maintained and deepened their relationships. benefits, RWA.

Question 11

Tang et al 2013

Answer 11

research into self-disclosure, concluded that men and women in the US self-disclose significantly more sexual thoughts and feelings than men and women in China, no diff in satisfaction.
limits self-disclosure theory, culturally relative.

Question 12

Shackelford and Larsen 1997

Answer 12

ppl with symmetrical faces are rated as more attractive , genetic fitness, difficultt to fake.

Question 13

dion et al

Answer 13

physicallly attractive people are consistently rated as kind, strong, sociable and successful compared to unattractive people, self fulfilling prophecy, halo effect.

Question 14

walster and walster 1969

Answer 14

we look for partners who are similar to ourselves instead of most appealing, the matching hypothesis.

Question 15

Walster et al 1966

Answer 15

the computer dance, male and female students, rated for physical attractiveness by objective observers, completed questionaire about themselves, told the data about them and that this info will be used by computer to decide partner for evening (randomly irl).
hypothesis not supported, most liked also most physically attractive.

Question 16

Berscheid et al 1971

Answer 16

replicated this study, ppt self selected their parter from variation, chose partners who matched them in physical attractiveness.
tend to choose partners whose attractivess matches out own.
matching hypothesis

Question 17

Palmer and Peterson 2012

Answer 17

physically attractive people were rated as more politically knowledgeable and competent than unnatractive, even when no experience of those attractive, implications for political process.
support for halo effect.

Question 18

Cunningham 1995

Answer 18

women w large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small nose, high eyebrows rated highly attractive by white, Hispanic and Asian men, consistent across all cultures, genetic fitness.
evolutionary explanation

Question 19

Taylor et al 2011

Answer 19

activity logs of popular online dating site, real world test of matching hypothesis, online daters sought meetings with more attractive partners,
limits matching hypothesis.

Question 20

Kerckhoff and Davis 1962

Answer 20

Filter theory, we all have field of availables in partner choice, entire set of potential factors, 3 main factors
social demography- start
similarity in attitudes- earlier stage
complementarity- long term

Question 21

Kerckhoff and Davis study

Answer 21

longitudinal, both parters in couple completed questionnaires to asses similarity and complementarity, closeness measures by questionaire 7 months later.
closeness + similarity <18
closeness+complementarity>18

Question 22

Markey and Markey 2013

Answer 22

lesbian couples of equal dominance most satisfied, sample together more than 4yrs
similarity not complementarity

Question 23

Montoya 2008

Answer 23

meta-analysis of 313 studies, similarity afffected attraction in only short-term lab based interactions, irl percieved similarity stronger predictor of attraction, can effect attraction and not a cause, not predicted by filter model.

Question 24

Thibault and Kelley 1959

Answer 24

social exchange theory, behaviour in relationships reflects economic assumptions of exchange, minimax principle.

Question 25

Kurdek 1995

Answer 25

asked lgbtq and straight couples to complete questionaire measuring commitment and SET variables, those most committed also percieved most rewards and fewest costs

Question 26

Argyle 1987

Answer 26

we dont monitor costs and rewards, or consider alternatives until after we are dissatisfied

Question 27

Utne et al 1984

Answer 27

carried out survey of 118 recently-married couples, measuring equity with two-self report scales. ppts 16-45yo and together 2+ years, couples who thought they are equitable were more satisfied than those over/under benefiting.

Question 28

Berg and McQuinn 1986

Answer 28

equirt didnt increase over time as predicted by equity theory, none ended over under/over benefitting, other variables more important.

Question 29

Aumer-Ryan et al 2007

Answer 29

cultural differences in the link between equity and satisfaction,
individualist culture considered their relationship most satisfying relationship equitable.
collectivist culture most satisfied when overbenefitting.

Question 30

Huseman et al 1987

Answer 30

ppl less concerned about equity than the norm. some partners benevolent, prepared to underbenefit, entitleds, believe they deserve to be overbenefitted. less concern about equity than theory predicts. not universal feature of romantic relationship.

Question 31

Rusbult 2011

Answer 31

Rusbult’s investment model, satisfaction, comparison with alternatives, investment. commitment is the main psychological factor that causes people to stay in romantic relationships.

Question 32

Le and Agnew 2003

Answer 32

review 52 studies 1970s-1999, 11k ppts from 5 countries, all elements of investment model all predicted relationship commitment.
relationships with high commitment were most stable and lasted longest, true for all genders and cultures.

Question 33

Rusbult and Martz 1995

Answer 33

domestically abused women at shelter, those most likely to return to abusive partner (mosy committed) made greatest investment and had fewest attractive alts.
strength investment model.

Question 34

Goodfriend and Agnew 2008

Answer 34

in early stages few investments made, extended original model by including investments made in future plans, motivated to commit to each other, want to see future plans work out, doesnt recognise full complexity.

Question 35

duck 2007

Answer 35

phase model of relationship breakdown, process of 4 stages: intra-psychic phase, dyadic phase, social phase, grave dressing phase.

Question 36

duck 1994

Answer 36

people in the intra-psychic phase encourged to focus their worrying on the +ve aspects of their partner.
RWA of ducks phase model.

Question 37

Duck and Rollie 2006

Answer 37

fith phase, resurrection phase, ex-partners apply experience gained to future relationships. progression from one phase to the next is not inevitable, may return. processes that occur more important than linear movement.

Question 38

sproull and kiesler 1986

Answer 38

reduced cues theory, virtual relationships less effective than FtF bc lack nonverbal and emotional cues, de-individualisation in virtual relationships.

Question 39

Walther 1996,2011

Answer 39

hyperpersonal model, VR more personal and greater self-disclosure than FtF ones, develop quicker, more intense and intimate once established.
1. selective self-presentation, hyperhonset/dishonest.
2.positive impression, reinforces 1.

Question 40

Bargh et al 2002

Answer 40

anonymity another factor , strangers on a train effect, feel less accountable for your behaviour if others unaware of identity, disclose more.

Question 41

Walther and Tidwell 1995

Answer 41

online interactions use other cues, style and timing of messages, nuances like acronyms and emojis, effecive substitutes for tone.
limits reduced cues theory

Question 42

Ruppel et al 2017

Answer 42

meta-analysis of 25 studies, compared self-d in FtF and virtual interactions.
self-report showes freq, breadth, depth of self-disclosure greater in FtF relationships.
experimental studies showed no significant differences between FtF and VR in terms of self-disclosure.
limits hyperpersonal model.

Question 43

McKenna and Bargh 2000

Answer 43

support for absence of gating. online com by shy, lonely socially anxious people. able to express their ‘true selves’ more than in FtF situations. 71% VR survived at least 2 years.
shy people benefit, no gating.

Question 44

McCutcheon 2002

Answer 44

celebrity attitude scale CAS.
linked levels to deficiencies, the absorbtion addiction model.

Question 45

Maltby et al 2006

Answer 45

used the CAS in large-scale survey, identifies 3 levels of parasocial relationships.
entertainment-social
intense-personal
borderline-pathological

Question 46

McCutcheon et al 2016

Answer 46

used the CAS to measure level of parasocial relationships and ppts intimate problems. ppts high on borderline-path/ intense-pers had high degree of anxiety in intimate relationships, those at ent-social level didnt.
predictive validity for levels.

Question 47

Maltby et al 2005

Answer 47

assessed boys and girls 14-16yrs, focus on girls w intense-pers PSR w adult female bc admired body shape, all girls poor body image, may contribute to ED.
supports models link between poor ps functioning and level of PSR.

Question 48

Dinkha et al 2015

Answer 48

compared Kuwait and US cultures, ppl w insecure attachment type most likely to form intense PSR with TV celebs and characters, both cultures true.

Question 49

McCutcheon CP dinkha

Answer 49

measures attachment types and celeb attitudes 299 american ppts. attachment didnt effect liklihoof of forming PSR with celeb. PSR doesnt compensate for attachment issues