schizophrenia

Question 1

Cheniaux et al 2009

Answer 1

2 psychiatrists independently assess the same 100 clients using ICD-10 and DSM-IC criteria, found that 68 diagnosed with SZ under ICD, 39 under DSM, either over/under diagnosed.

Question 2

Gottesman 1991

Answer 2

large-scale family study,
aunt with SZ 2%
sibling 9%
MZ twin 48%

Question 3

Ripke et al 2014

Answer 3

candidate genes, combined all previous data from genome-wide studies of SZ, 108 seperate genetic variations associated with increased risk of SZ.
aetiologically heterogeneous.

Question 4

Tienari et al 2004

Answer 4

biological children of parents with SZ, at heightened risk if they grow up in an adoptie family.

Question 5

Hilker et al 2018

Answer 5

concordance rate of 33% MZ, 7% DZ

Question 6

Morkved et al 2017

Answer 6

67% ppl w SZ and related psychotic disorders reported at least 1 childhood trauma.
environmental factors, limits genetic ex

Question 7

Seeman 1987

Answer 7

antipsychotics used to treat SZ caused symptoms similar to parkinsons disease (low DP levels - hyperdopaminergia)
SZ due to high DP levels. OG hypothesis

Question 8

Davis et al 1991

Answer 8

cortical hypodopaminergia, low DP in cortex, prefrontal explains negative symptoms.

Question 9

Curran et al 2004

Answer 9

amphetamines increase DP and worsen symptoms in people with SZ, induce symptoms in ppl without. evidence for effect of dopamine.

Question 10

Tauscher et al 2014

Answer 10

antipsychotic drugs reduce DP activity, reduce intensity of symptoms.
support for role of DP.

Question 11

McCutcheon et al 2020

Answer 11

post-mortem and live scanning studies, found raised levels of NTS glutamate in several brain regions of ppl with SZ, limits dopamine hypothesis.

Question 12

Tenn et al 2003

Answer 12

induced SZ symptoms in rats using amphetamines, the relieved symptoms using drugs that reduce DA action.
supports dopamine hypothesis.

Question 13

Fromm-Reichmann 1948

Answer 13

psychodynamic ex for SZ, schizophrenogenic mother, mother cold, rejecting ad controlling, family climate of tension and secrecy, leads to paranoid delusions then SZ.

Question 14

Bateson 1972

Answer 14

emphasised role of comminication syle within family, double bind theory. child feards wrong-doing, recieve mixed messages about what this is, unable to comment on unfairness, punished by withdrawal of love.
world dangerous, paranoid delusions, SZ. just risk factor

Question 15

Read et al 2005

Answer 15

adults with SZ disproportionately likly to have insecure attachment, type C or D.
69% and 59% of men with SZ have history of abuse.
sugests family dysfunction makes more vulnerable to SZ.

Question 16

Frith et al 1992

Answer 16

2 kinds of dysfunctions in thought process.
metarepresentations- ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour.
central control dysfunction- issues with cognitive ability to supress automatic responses while performing deliberate actions.

Question 17

Stirling et al 2006

Answer 17

compared performance range of cognitive tasks in 30 people with SZ, control. stroop task, name font colours of colour words, supress tendency.
SZ took longer 2x to name font colours.
impaired cog process

Question 18

Thornley et al 2003

Answer 18

reviewed studies comparing efects of chloprozamine to control. data 13 trials with 1k ppts, chlorprozamine associated w better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.

Question 19

Healy 2012

Answer 19

evidence flaws with evidence for effectiveness. most studies of short-term effects only, some successful trials had data published multiple times, exaggerating the size of effects. poweful calming effects not symptoms reduced.

Question 20

Jauhaur et al 2014

Answer 20

reviewed 34 studies of using CBT with SZ, small but significant effects on +ve and -ve symptoms.

Question 21

Pharoah et al 2010

Answer 21

stratergies in family therapy.
reduces -ve emotions- reduce expressed emotion.
improve familys ability to help , form therapeutic alliance

Question 22

Burbach 2018

Answer 22

model for working with families dealing w SZ
1. sharing basic info+ providing support
2. identifying resources, what they can or cannot offer.
3. encourage mutual undertanding, safe space for all to express feelings.
4. identifying unhelpful patterns of interaction
5. skills training, learning stress managment skills.
6 relapse prevention planning
7. maintenance for future.

Question 23

McFarlane 2016

Answer 23

family therapy most consistently effective treatments available for SZ, relapse rates reduced 50-60%.

Question 24

Azrin 1968

Answer 24

trialled token economy in womens ward with SZ, each time ppt made bed or cleaned up given plastic token “one gift” embossed.
tokens swapped for ward privileges, watch film, no. tasks increased significantly.

Question 25

Matson et al 2016

Answer 25

3 categories of institutional behaviour, personal care, condition-related behaviours, and social behaviour.
benefits ppls quality of life within hospital, easier to adapt back to community.

Question 26

Glowacki et al 2016

Answer 26

identified 7 high quality studies 1999-2013. effectiveness of token economies, reduction in -ve symptoms, decline in unwanted behaviours. supports value.

Question 27

Chiang et al 2019

Answer 27

art therapy might be good alternative to token economy.

Question 28

Meehl 1962

Answer 28

diathesis entirelt genetic, result of single “schizogene”, led to schizotypic personality, one charactertistic sensitivity to stress.

Question 29

Read et al 2005

Answer 29

neurodevelopmental model, early trauma alters the developing brain, early and severe trauma.

Question 30

Tienari et al 2004

Answer 30

impact of genetic vulnerability and psychological trigger, followed 19k Finnish children whose bio mothers SZ diagnosed. high risk compared to control group adoptees w/out SZ. adoptive parents assessed for child-rearing style, high levels of critisim, hostility and low empatht associated w development of SZ only in high genetic group
diathesis-stress model.

Question 31

Tarrier et al 2004

Answer 31

randomly allocated 315 ppts to
1. med + CBT
2. med + counselling
3. control med only.
ppts in 1+2 lower symptoms following trial than control, no diff in hospital re-admission.
RWA interactionist approach.