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Attachment Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Interactional Attachment

A

An emotional long lasting and reciprocal bond between an infant and primary care giver

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2
Q

Intersectional synchrony

A

When infants and care givers mirror eachothers movements and gestures simultaneously

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3
Q

Reciprocity

A

Turn taking between infants and care givers during. A period of interaction

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4
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A

Studied attachment between mothers and 60 babies monthly intervals for 18 months in tyere home
Longitudinal study
Same babies
Working class
Only in Glasgow

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5
Q

A strength of Schaffer and Emerson

A

Naturalistic observation in hime meaning high ecological validity

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6
Q

Weakness of Schaffer and Emerson

A

All families are in Glasgow and lower class meaning they may have different child rearing practices that upper or middle class have or not Scottish

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7
Q

Asocial stage

A

Infant shows no recognition of the difference between humans and inanimate objects

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8
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

A clear preference for human company and familiar adults are recognised
Comfort will be accepted from any form of adult

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9
Q

Specific attachment stage

A

Baby looks to particular people for security comfort and protection
Shows stranger anxiety and seperation anxiety

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10
Q

Multiple attachments

A

Original attachment remains the strongest however they can form secondary attachments for grandparents and siblings

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11
Q

Sensitive responsiveness

A

Attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to babys signals and needs and not the one who they spend the most time with

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12
Q

Strenghts of stages of attachment

A

Theory is to find out if a child is developing normally and making attachments so if the child gets to a certain age and hasn’t formed an attachment we can help the child
This can be used in real life

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13
Q

Weakness of stages of attachment

A

P- Model is based on individualistic culture and cant reflect on collectivist cultures
E- Sagi et Al found in collectivist cultures infants formed multiple attachments before single attachments which suggest the theory is not universal
L- Weakness as it is not an adequate explanation

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14
Q

Strength of caregiver and infant interactions study

A

Lab setting that is standardised
Trained observers record and won’t miss any key behaviours
It can be replicated by later researchers

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15
Q

Weakness of care giver infant interactions study

A

Demand characteristics can affect care giver behaviour
Caregiver feel they need to change behaviour
Lacks validity

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16
Q

Gross man

A

Longitudinal study of 44 families studying babies until they were teenagers
The quality of infant attachment to mothers was correlated with quality of attachments in adolescence
However there was no bearings woth fathers

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17
Q

Gross man fathers

A

Fathers have note of a role in attachment to play with the child and it was the quality of play not the duration

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18
Q

Geiger

A

Fathers relationship with infants is focused around play where mothers is nurturing

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19
Q

Feild

A

Observation on 3 types of care givers
Primary mum primary dad secondary dad
The primary dad did the same as the mum and gained attachment
This shows sensitive responsiveness is crucial for attatchmen t

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20
Q

Strength of role of the father

A

Father has important roles such as primary care giver
Caldera found that if the father shows care giving activities then the child is more likely to have a strong attachment to him
Demi strates roles for the father being primary care giver

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21
Q

Weakness for role of the father

A

Diversity in modern day parenting
Such as single mother and lesbian relationships can differ in ways however it doesn’t show the children developing differently
Questions weather fathers have distinctive roles

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22
Q

What did Lorenz study and why

A

Imprinting on greylag geese as they are precocial

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23
Q

What did Lorenz propose

A

Critical periods for attachment

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24
Q

Description of Lorenz study

A

He put goslings in an incubator and left some with their mother and then when they were born the incubated goslings forst saw him and coped everything he did as they saw him as a mother and the others did the same to the mother goose

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25
Strength for Lorenz study (link to findings)
Humans don’t imprint but we take out ‘critical periods’ to infants I’d children arnt taught a language before 11 they will struggle with language development This lead to beyyer understanding of when human attachments should be formed
26
Weakness for Lorenz study
Geese are precocial and humans arnt so geese are very different from humans so the results cannot be genrallsed to humans
27
Human attachment - Lorenz
It is importantly for humans to gain attachment in a critical period other wise it can cause problems later on
28
What was harlows study about
He studied rhesus monkeys and took them from their mothers and put them in a cage with a cloth mother and a wire mother and found they preferred the cloth mother as it provided ‘contact comfort’ where as the wire mother only produced food
29
Finding of harlows study
Shows that attachments are formed through who provides more comfort and safety and not who feeds
30
Human attachment- Harlow
Infants may prefer the caregiver that provides comfort instead of food
31
A strength for harlows study
It has real life applications so infants and can help social workers notice signs of abuse and it can be stopped This provides prevention
32
A weakness for harlows study
Unethical treatment of the babe monkeys as they had maternal deprivation and he would scare them. Later on in life they misbehaved and has to euthanised which gives a negative impact on psychology as a science
33
What is the cupboard love theory
A theory that states that infants become attached to the person that feeds them
34
Classical conditioning in attachment
The pleasure of feeding becomes associated with the perosn that feeds the infant
35
Operant conditioning in attachment
The infant crying leads to a response from the caregiver to feed the infant Caregiver is in a negative state when baby is crying but gets relieved when they feed the baby
36
Weaknesses of the learning theory in attachment (lorens and Harlow)
Young animals don’t attach or imprint on those that feed them Lorenz geese imprinted on the first loving thing they saw not who feeds them, harlows monkeys attached to the cloth mother not the feeding mother Shows attachment doesn’t develop from feeding
37
Strengths of learning theory in attachment
P- Elements of conditioning can be involved in aspects of attachment E- the baby having a warm satisfied feeling may associate to the person who is in the presence of that feeling so they may form an attachment from that L- Meaning conditioning is useful in understanding the development of attachment
38
Bowlbys monptropic theory
ASCMI adaptive Social releasers Critical periods Monotropy Internal working modle
39
Adaptive bowlby m thory
Attachment is innate and needed for survival so we adapt
40
Social releasers bowlby m tjeory
Ways infants give our signals The way the parent shows Sensitive responsiveness is how the child attaches
41
Critical Periods bowlby m theory
Children need to form attachments early on so they don’t have issues later on in life
42
Monotropy Bowlbys m theory
Infants only attach to one person who shows sensitive responsiveness
43
Internal working modle bowlby m theory
Need to fork healthy emotional relationships early on to form good relationships later on
44
Strength of Bowlbys m theory
It has realise applications as it’s bought chnage to public policies Like emphasising THS importance of contact between care givers and their children It leads to a better insight to importance of primary attachments
45
Weakness of bowlby M theory
Evidence has chnaged validity Shagger and Emerson found although most babies form single attachments first a number of them formed multiple attachments
46
Ainsworth strange situation study
Used a one way mirror on 100 middle class infants in a lab room with toys
47
Episodes in ainsworths theory
Mother and child enter room with toys Then get left alone Stranger enters and interacts with them both Mother leaves and stranger interacts with infant Mother returns - reunion behaviou Child left alone Stranger returns Mother comes back stranger leaves
48
Strengths of ainsworths study
Same stranger and toys and room makes it reliable Bick et Al found 94% agreement with inter observer reliability This hightenes reputations of pauchooogy as a science
49
Weaknesses of ainstworths study
It’s ethnocentric as it was done in USA and middle class It may reflect on norms and values in America where as Japanese kids spend most time with mothers so will have more stranger anxiety Lacks population validity
50
Van ljizendoorn study
Assed cultural variation Meta analysis on 32 studies in 8 different countries 18 studies were in USA Analysed data from other strange situation studies
51
Van ljzendoorn findings
Variation between results of studies within the same country were 1.5 times greater then between countries So can’t assume all children brought up in the same way in one country Resistant- japan Isreal Avoidant- Germany Secure- UK US
52
A strength of van ljzendoorn
Used a large sample of 2000 babies from different countries Researchers used same methods and standardised procedure It increases internal validity
53
A weakness of van ljzendoorn
Studies in different countries may not completely match characteristics Different counties may Use children of different ages or smaller rooms Lacks reliability as it may tell us little about cultural differences
54
Which countrie had highest percentage of insecure avoidant
Germany
55
Which country had highest percentage of insecure resistant
Isreal and Japan
56
What is bowlbys m theory about
Evolutionary explanation that says the innate process makes us attach
57
Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory Key points
Deprivation Critical periods Effects on development
58
Strengths of bowlby maternal deprivation theory
It changed public policies so children in hospital an have more frqjent longer visits with parents so they don’t have maternal deprivation
59
Weakness of Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
Assumes it’s the physical separation and not psychological but a moth with depression can be there physically but not psychologically and it can still cause maternal deprivation
60
Deprivation Bowlbys maternal deprivation
Seperation is when the caregiver isn’t in the presence of the infant for a period of time Wjere deprivation is when the infant looses an element of the caregivers care
61
Critical periods in Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
When the bind must form from 0-2.5 years or it can cause psychological damage
62
Effects on development in bowlby maternal deprivation
Deprivation cause seeiouse permanent consequences impacting their internal working model such as intellectual consequences and emotional consequences like attachment disorder
63
Bowlbys 44 juvenile theories theory
88 children aged 5-16 44 thieves 44 had emotional problems 14/44 we’re affectionless psychopaths 12/14 experienced early seperation
64
What studies for effects on Romanian institutions
Rutter et Al Zeanah et al
65
Rutter study
165 children adopted by families in britain and were tested at ages of development from 4-25 Used 52 British children as a control group Disinhubited attachment Low iq
66
Zeanah et Al
95 Romanian kids 50 kids never been in institution Used strange situation 74% control group was securely attached 19% institutionalised group was securely attached
67
Strenghts of Rutter effects
Created improvements in the way children are cared for in institutions Improved psychologist effects of how to prevent them from Shows it can be useful in practical terms
68
Weakness of Rutter effects
Some children recover without primary attachment and wernt strongly affected Whereas Some children received special attention so they may form earlier attachments Threaten validity
69
internal working model in relationships
It’s a template for future relationships good snd bad
70
Hazan and shaver
Did a love quiz on a newspaper in America and asled about current attachments and general love experiences Found 56% secure 25%avoidant 19% resistant
71
Strength of influence of early attachment of adult relationships
Mccarthy studied 40 women who had been assessed for ayachkent type Those secur had good relationships those avoidant struggled with intimacy Supports predictions made
72
Weakness of influence of early attachment on adult relationships
Did questionnaires and interviews Self report meaning it can have social desirable answers Cant rely on validity for the answers
73
Characteristics of insecure avoidant
Don’t depend on an adult Don’t strongly signal a need for comfort Manage own distress
74
Characteristics of insecure resistant
Distressed when seperate from caregiver But resist contact when caregiver returns

Psychology (9 decks)

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