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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is statistical infrequency

A

States human behaviour is abnormal if it is statistically rare
Can be displayed on a distribution curve to see where normal and abnormal fall

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2
Q

Strengths of statistical infrequency

A

Objective
Useful for a cut off point
A diagnosis for an intellectual disability requires IQ of below 70
Psychiatrists agreed on a cutoff point

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3
Q

Weakness for statistical infrequency

A

Some traits are rare doesn’t mean they are abnormal
IQ scores above 130 are just as unusual as those below 70 however according to this it can be abnormal
Cannot provide a conclusive definition of abnormality

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4
Q

What is deviation from social norms

A

Abnormality can be measured from how far a persons behaviour deviates from the Norms
It’s a criteria for social Norms

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5
Q

Strength of deviation from social norms

A

It distinguishes a difference between desirable and undesirable behaviour
Such as it is undesirable to be agressive
It takes into account the affect behaviour has on others

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6
Q

Weakness for deviation from social norms

A

Culture bound
one culture labelling someone from another culture as abnormal using their standards
For example hearing voices in your head in the uk can be classed as schizophrenia where as in other countries it can be your ancestors
It is difficult to judje social norms from one culture to another

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7
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Abnormality which fails to meet the criteria for psychological well-being

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8
Q

Marie jahoda 6 criteria’s

A

High self esteem
Self actualisation
Can cope with stressful situations
Being autonomous
Accurate perception of reality
Ability to finction and adjust to new situations

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9
Q

Strengths for deviation from ideal mental health

A

Covers a broad range of criteria and why peopel should seek mental health services such as someone’s ability to cope with stress
Useful thinking about mental health

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10
Q

Weakness for deviation from ideal mental health

A

Ideals that make it difficult for most people to achieve
Criteria is hard to meet on a daily basis
Most people are classed as abnormal

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11
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

Behaviour causing someone to be unable to cope with everyday life

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12
Q

Strengths for faliure to function adequately study

A

It recognises the personal veiw point to imply people are able to understand their own thoughts and feelings
Allows us to view mental disorders from the point of experiencing it

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13
Q

Weaknesses for failure to function (Harold shipman)

A

Psychopaths still appear to finction normally while carrying out horrible acts
Harold shipman killed people withoit being found
It’s clearly abnormal but not in a way obvious to this definition

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14
Q

What is a phobia

A

An irrational fear triggered by a place object or situation with an unreasonable reaction that effects everyday life from avoidance to relieve anxiety to irrational beliefs

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15
Q

Behavioural characteristics for phobias

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

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16
Q

Emotional characteristics in phobias

A

Anxiety
Fear
Emotion

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17
Q

Cognitive characteristics in phobias

A

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

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18
Q

Panic in phobias

A

A panicked response to seeing a phobia such as crying

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19
Q

Avoidance in phobias

A

Avoid coming into contact with phobias

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20
Q

Endurance in phobias

A

Remaining in the presence of a phobia but experiencing anxiety

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21
Q

Anxiety in phobias

A

High arousal and difficulty experiencing happiness

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22
Q

Fear in phobias

A

Immediate response in contact with a phobia

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23
Q

Emotional responses are irrational in phobias

A

Reactions are unreasonable

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24
Q

Selective attention in phobias

A

Keeps focus on a phobia to react quickly in threat

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25
Irrational beliefs
Having unreasonable beliefs against phobias
26
Cognitive distortions in phobias
Unrealistic phobias
27
What was mowrers theory
Two process theory
28
Stage 1 of mowrers theory
Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning
29
State 2 of mowrers theory
Phobias are maintained by operant conditioning
30
Strengths for behavioural explanations of phobias
Explanations can be tested scientifically It’s done in a lab such as little Albert’s study in a lab Strength as little Albert study supports model
31
Weakness for behavioural explanations for phobias (Carolyn)
Doesn’t wxplajn the evolutionary theory How people have phobias when they haven’t been in contact with them Doesn’t provide explanation for all developed phobias
32
What is the flooding technique
The client is immediately exposed The client is flooded with anxiety The flowy is prevented form avoiding the fear Fear starts to Dissapear from exhaustion Patient learns the phobia is harmless
33
Strength of flooding technique
Cost effective as it forces ps to face their fears with out being able to walk away You immediately free from symptoms so it is cheaper
34
Weakness of flooding
It’s less effective for some phobias Some phobias are cognitive such as thoughts It cannot be used for all phobias
35
In vivo
Fear is confronted
36
In vitro
Fear is imagined
37
Systematic desensitisation
Counter conditioning Fear and relaxation are reciprocal inhibition Anxiety hierarchy- fear gets more intense as list goes on Relaxation Exposure In vitro In vivo
38
Strengths of systematic desensitisation
It is suitable for a diverse range of patients Such as people with phobias involving learning difficulties as they may struggle to engage with cognitive work Those with learning difficulties can engage in sd
39
Weaknesses of systematic desensitisation
Have roots to learning theory and based on animals Focuses on Pavlov and skinner studies Humans don’t express anxiety in the same way as animals Cant be generalised
40
What are compulsions in OCD
Repetitive behaviour to relieve anxiety Repetitive - cleaning hands Reduce anxiety - cleaning hands to not be ill
41
Obsession in OCD
Unpleasant thoughts creating anxiety
42
Behavioural characteristics of OCD
Compulsions Avoidance- staying away from situations that can trigger anxiety like germs
43
Emotional characteristics of OCD
Anxiety and distress -urge to do a compulsions creates anxiety Accompanying depression - low moods Guilt and discust -disgusts at dirt or themselves
44
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
Obsessive thoughts Supressing thoughts Overanalysing thoughts Experiencing catastrophic thoughts
45
Lewis
Observed ocd patients and found 37% had parents with ocd and 21% had siblings with ocd out of 2% in the population
46
COMT GENE
This gene was found more in ocd patients which Regulats the production of dopamine which is linked to ocd
47
SERT GENE
Affects the transport of serotonin causing lower levels
48
Taylor in ocd
Analysed finding from previous studies and found 230 genes involved in ocd
49
Aetioligically heterogeneous
Means that each case of ocd has different causes
50
Strengths of genetic explanations of ocd
OCD is caused by genetic vulnerability Billett et Al found that if one twin had ocd the other one would aswell It adds validity
51
Weaknesses of genetic explanations of ocd
It’s deterministic It cants explain how one person with the same genes has ocd and another doesn’t It’s a holistic explanation about cognitive vulnerability and Coukd take environment into account
52
What is high in people with ocd
Dopamine
53
What is low in people with ocd
Serotonin
54
I’m an ocd brain
OFC sends worry signal to caudate nucleus and it doesn’t suppress signal and sends signal to Thalamus which sends a non filtered version in danger back to OFC
55
How are PET scans used in OCD
Give patients a trigger to stimulate ocd in the brain to track the activity
56
Strengths of neural explanation of OCD
It’s empirical as it uses PET scans to show activity in the prefrontal cortex It uses objective scientific evidence
57
Weaknesses of neural explanation in OCD
It’s not effective for all patients Some symptoms can become worse afyer taking anti depressants It questions the role of serotonin in OCD as it shoukd work on all patients if it’s the main cause
58
Behavioural characteristics of depression
Low activity levels Insomnia Eating disorder Agression
59
Emotional characteristics of depression
Low mood Anger Low self esteem
60
Cognitive characteristics of depression
Poor concentration Dwelling on the negative Black and white thinking
61
Typoes of drugs to treat ocd
Ssri Beta blockers Snris
62
What to SSRIS do
Preventing the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin Takes 3-4 months to work
63
What to SNRIS do
Increases serotonin levels and neurotransmitters called noradrenaline
64
What to BETA BLOCKERS do
Acts on the heart beat Shd blood pressure to reduce pulportations
65
Strengths of biological treatment of OCD
Clear evidence for the effectiveness of SSRIS reducing the severity of ocd Soomro revwied studies comparing SSRIS to placebos and 17 studies shows beyyer results for SSRIS compared to placebo
66
Weakness of biological approach to treatments of OCD (Tate McRae)
Drugs don’t cure they reduce Combining drugs and therapy is the most effective Weakness as it’s an endless revolving door cycle for drugs
67
Biological approach to treating ocd
Imply biological approach is most successful such as chemotherapy
68
Neural explanation of OCD
Says it’s linked to disruptions in the brain such as neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin) The Ofc is involved with the OCD circuit
69
Becks theory sentance summary
Depression is due to negative cognitive errors
70
Key points in becks theory 3 subheadings
Negative schemas Faulty information processing Cognitive triad
71
Becks overall theory
Depressed people have a negative view of the world -n schemas Selective focus such as overgenralisatuon (he didn’t smile so he hates me)- faulty info process And pessimistic veiw of the self world and future -cognitive triad
72
Strengths of becks theory
Practical applications Influential to huge amounts of research to fund a cure of depression Cognitive behavioural therapy Successful and adds validity
73
Weakness of becks theory
Not all beliefs are irrational and may just seem it Alloy and Abrahamsom said patients seen things through a realistic veiw and not rose tinted glasses Weakness as it suggest the main aspect of the theory is innapropriate
74
A in Ellis’s abc modle
Activating events Get depressed experiencing negative events like failing a test
75
B in Ellis’s abc modle
Beliefs Beliefs about events can be self defeating like I will pass the test
76
C in Ellis abc modle
Consequences When the event triggers irrational beliefs leading ti emotionally consequences Such as I will never pass a test again
77
Strength of ellisss abc modle
It has supporting evidence such as bates who give 79 non depressed patients 60 negative sentences to read and think about It created a depressed mood state Supporting that negative thinking leads to depression
78
Weakness of Ellis’s abc modle
Cause or effect His theory is yet to be determined Does the activating event cause depression or does depression cause the activating event like a breakup Weakness as it’s not clear whether cognitions are a result or consequence
79
Becks approach to treating depression
Cbt Set goals to work towards Catch negative thoughts Dysfunctional thoihht diary Homework
80
Ellis approach to treating depression
Rebt Challenge irrational thoughts and change them to rational Create arguements ti break a link between negative life events and depression
81
Strengths of CBT
CBT REBT do not search for deeper meanings They only focus on the here and now to alleviate symptoms Clients will be pleased and more motivated to turn up
82
Weaknesses of CBT
REBT has ethical issues As it causes a vigarous arguement and is judgemental Therapists can manipulate clients behaviour and give them psychological harm
83
Biological explanation for OCD
Twin and family studies Lewis study 230 genes in ocd polygenic Genetic vulnerability
84
2 functions of peripheral nervous sure
Contains somatic and autonomic nervous system To transmit messages to and from cns Autonomic contains sympathetic fight And parasympathetic rest

Psychology (9 decks)

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