Attachment psych

Question 1

What is an attachment?

Answer 1

is a close two way emotional bond between baby and caregiver

Question 2

Define reciprocity?

Answer 2

when the intercation involves when each person responds to one another and elcittsa response from them.

so for example a caregiver may responds to baby smile and then this elcits a response from the baby.

this is also knwn as turn taking because eahc perosn responds to one another

Question 3

What are and decribe alert phases?

what research was condcted on this?

Answer 3

when babies signal make eye contatc that theyr are ready for a spell of interaction

mothers often pick up ad responds to these alert phases 2/3rd of the time but depedns on mothers skills and external factors such as stress

Question 4

What is active involvemnt?

Answer 4

active involvemnt is when the baby also interacts with the caregiver and actually take a active role in responding to the caregivers care and love.

as before it was htought they the baby just passively recives care from the caregiver and doesnt play a role in forming attachments

brazelton said its is like a dance as one each partner responds to each others moves

Question 5

What is intercationla syncrhny and its role in forming attachments?

Answer 5

when two people are synchronised they carry out the same action in the same way at the same time

can be define as temporal coordination of social behaviour

so the mother and baby mirror each other emotion and actions

Question 6

What did MELTZOFF and MOORE find about the start of untercational synchrony?

Answer 6

found that babies as little as two weeks old begin interactional synchrny

and found that when recording and filming the babies reaction to its care giver making one of three facial expresssions it mirrored the ones that the careiver had done

Question 7

why is intercational synchrny so important in creating an attachment

Answer 7

it is important for the devlopment of the infant to caregiver bond attachment to develop

a researcher analysed 30 mother and their babies and degree of synchrony and the quality of mother and baby attachment

and found that high levels of synchrony were asscoaited with high levels of attachment and better emotional bonding

Question 8

What is one strength of reearch onto caregiver infant intercations?

Answer 8

FILMED OBSVERATIOns
P- were made to obvsver and recored the babies behaviour and reactions and caregiver

E- this comes from meltoxff and morred sudy in which they filmed babies and their caregivers interactional synchrony

E - this is imporant as it means that they can be observed later so its is unliley that the researchers will miss seeing key behvaiours. This also means that multiple obervser can watch the same video and estabalish interrater relibailty.
also babies dont know their being obersvered which menas their behaviou wont change in response to obervation

L- so therefore this data has good relibaity and validty

Question 9

what is one limitation of rsearch into intercationla synchry and reciprocity?

Answer 9

P - is that it is DIFFICLUT TO OBSERVE BABIES

E- this is becaue abies lack coordiantion and control over their bodies and are immobile.

E- so for example if a baby smiled it could be an actual smile or becase they pass out wind. or if the baby has twitched their hand it maybe random or triggered by something the caregiver has done, so hard to tell from babies perspective.

L- therofr this is a limiation because we can be certian that beaviours seen in caregiver and baby have special meaning

Question 10

What is another limiation of research into aregiver infat intrcations?

Answer 10

P- another limiation maybe is that these behaviour doesnt tell us its develpmental importance.

E- This coems from a researcher who noted that simply gving names to these observable behaviours of recpipricty and intercational synchrny mean they can be relibaly observed but dotn tell us much about understanding child development

E- as it doesnt tell the purpose of these behavours

L- menaing a limiation becasue this research doesnt actauly tell us why IT AND RECP is important in forming attachments

Question 11

What are the 4 stages of attachent?

Answer 11

asocial, indiscriminate, specific and multiple

Question 12

Who were the researchers tat obsverved this?

Answer 12

Schaffer and emmerson who studied baies in their homes with their mothers and visutted them every month for the first year and again at 18 months

mothers were asked about their babies response to seperation sitation and their anxoety of baby and stranger anxity

Question 13

decribe Asocial stage of attachments?

Answer 13

babies have very similiar behaviour to inanimate objects and humans but reseach did shw that babies do prefer to be with other people and familiar people that they know they can get comfort from

Question 14

decribe the indisciminate stage of attachment? and at what months?

Answer 14

2-7
Babies begin to show more observable and social behaviour and shwo a preferance for people over inanimate objects

they also recognise and prefere to be with those of familair company and accept cuddled and comfort from anyone

DONT show SEPERATTION ANXIETY OR STARNGER ANXIETY

Question 15

decribe the 3rd attachment stage and at what months doe sit occur?

Answer 15

7 month mark-
babies start to show csigns of attachment such as anting to be with a specific person

STRANGER ANXIETY develops and SEPERATION ANXIETY when their caregiver/attachment figure leaves

This is a primary attachment figure- who doesnt nesscarily spend the most timw with the baby but pick ups and responsds to babies signals with the most skill.

usually mother-65% of all cases

Question 16

Describe the 4th attachment stage?

Answer 16

shortly afer displaying seperation and stanger anxiety they extetc this to other people who they spend time with- secondary attachments

by one yr baby develops multiple attachmentts

Question 17

What is one strengnht of stages of attachment?

Answer 17

P- is that it has good external validty

E- this is becasue schaffer and emerson had let the obervation recred by the mother or caregivers during ordinary activities.

E- which cold have been a problem if researchers were present all the time becasue this babies feel anxious and not react the same way.

L- this means that it is hghly likley that the babies were naturaly obsered in own natural setting making it able to egneralise to other settings.

Question 18

What is one Limiation of research into stages of attachment?

Answer 18

P- is that there maybe poor eviidnce fro the asocial stage

E- this is because the reseaechers ways of measuring attachments in asocial stage may lack validity, becasue babies are pretty immobile and lack coordintion at less tahn two months

E- so if they did feel anxious they may have displayed this in very subtle ways in whcih it would make it harder for the mother to observe and pick up on
poor feeedback to reseaechers on signs of anxiety and attachment at this age

L- this meas that baies could be very social but appear to be asocial becasue of flawed methods.

Question 19

What is another stregnth of the stages of attachment?

Answer 19

P- RWA In day cay nurisng

E- this is because n the stage1 and 2 we would expect that babies can be put ito daycar nursing and will be straighforward becasue they can be easily comforted by any skilled adult.

E- But if baby was was put into day care when in the speficic attachment stage hen it could be problematic

L- This means that use of day care can be planned using scheffer emmerosns tsges.

Question 20

What has reseaerche shown in attachment to father in babies?

Answer 20

shows that baies are less likely to be attached to theri father as the primary care giver compared to mothers

Question 21

What did schaffer/emmerson find about baby attachment to their fathers?

Answer 21

found that 75% of babies studied in their rrseaech develop an attachment to their father figure by 18 months.- beacaue they protestes when their fathers went away- a sign of attachment

However at 7 months they foundthat babies attach to their mother and only 3% of cases that the father is the first sole object of attachment.

Question 22

What did a reseaecher find about the distinctive role of father in attachment?
what did they look at and what did they find?

Answer 22

a researcher had carried out a logitudinal study where babies were studied until their late teens

looked at parents behaviour and the quality of later attachments of the baby

and found that the quality of the attachment to the mother was related to the attachments formed later in adulthood, like how many and easily or not.

BUT the quality of the FATHER PLAY AND STIMULATION was related to the quality of attchments they formed at adolesence.

so they have a role of more play and simulation rather than emotional development

Question 23

what is the significance of a primary caregiver?

Answer 23

A primary attachemtn si those who the baby first forms a attachment to but play a very significant role in emotional development as it form a BASE for all later attachmetns/close emotional relationships

Question 24

Can a father become a primary caregiver- primary attachemtn for the baby?

Answer 24

YeS- reseaech that had filmed 4 motnth babies withtheir mothers as primary caregivers and father as secndary caregivers

and fathers as their primary caregivers

and found that fathers who were the primary caregiver spent more time imiating and holding the babies hand like primary mother caregiver COMPARED TO secondary caregivers fathers- which are all part of interactinol synchrony and reciprocity that help in the develpment of an attachment.

Question 25

what does reseaerch show about father being prmiary caregivers?

Answer 25

It showed that father can be a primary caregiver when or if needed and provide the responsivness and close emotional attachment sthat babies may need.

Question 26

What is one strength of research into the role of the fathr?

Answer 26

P- one + of research into role of the father is that it has real world applicatin E- this is becasue it can help reducde the stress of parnets that often get worried about who should take the role of the priary caregiver-and could affetc the decision of having childrne or not E- such as women who may feel pressured to stay at home and and father pressured to stay at work and not take any repsonotly in taking care of the baby- which might not be the good for the economoy because it wont allow the women to work if she has the most income. but research has hsown that father can take the role of primary caregiver (tifany field) and sinlge parent families can also be reaasured that the one parent can be the only primary attachemtn fiure and wont affetc the emotional develpmet of the child. L-therefore t can be applied to real wold sitution and help families/parents.

Question 27

What is one limiation of reseaech into the role of the father in attachemnt?

Answer 27

P- one limiation is confusion of the rseaech question beig aksed E- this is because the question what is the role of the father is a very complex one - as it could mean as a primairy caregiver or a secnidary caregiver and want to undertsand it in seperate ways. E- As many see the father as taing ona maternal role or others see the father having a very distict role from the mother L- therfore its a - becasue ot make it hard to rseaerch the specific role of the fatherand cannot fully answer it

Question 28

What is a nother limiation of resaerc into the role of the father?

Answer 28

P: conflictiong evdiince E- this comes fro rseaechers who found that children who growup in same sex or one parent households dont develop differently from those in heterosexual families- E: Which the study from grossman suggest that babies would be different wothout a father figure becasue they have a role in play and simulation-so would need a father figure to have proper development L- therfoe the question whether father have a distinct role stil remains unclear

Question 29

define imprinting ad who studied it?

Answer 29

innate readiness to form an attachment with the caregiver and follow the forst moving object they see lorenz

Question 30

descrube the procedure of lorenz chicks/geese?

Answer 30

lorenz got 12 geese eggs used a indepndat groups design half the egg 6 hatched ina incubator where the forts movng object they saw was was lorenz and half the egg ere hated with their mother

Question 31

what were the findgins of lorenzs research on impriniting?

Answer 31

the group that weere hatched in a incubator had folowed lorenz comared to the control group followed the mother geese. and even whent the groups were mixed up the control followed their mothr and the experimental group followoed lorenz

Question 32

explain the findings of lorenz research? KEYWORD?

Answer 32

this is calld imprinting in birds where birds are mobile from birth so the frost moving onject they see they follow and attached to the criticical period in which they must develop this is few hours after birth of they dont they dont attach to their mother

Question 33

what did lorenz find about sexual imprinting?

Answer 33

he inveiated how imroinitn may affect mating choices he found that when a peacock egge was placed in the zoo with torsies they only displayed coruthsip towards the titories had gone through sexual imprinting

Question 34

What did harlow find a out contact comfort?

Answer 34

he had found that nomeky suually dies in a bare cage but when given soemthing to cuddle they often survived

Question 35

what was harlows procedure?

Answer 35

He had 16 baby monkeys and spereated them in 2 cages 1- with a cloth covered mother still made of wire and served milk 2- a bare cage and served milk

Question 36

what were the findings of harlows procedure?

Answer 36

He had found that those with the cloth covered mother had sought cofrot from it when hearing a loud noise and had preferance for it even though both mothers dispersed milk showed contact comfort was important on forming attachemnt

Question 37

How can this research be applied to maternal deprivation in monkeys? and what was their critical period

Answer 37

harlow had followed moenkys that had no real mother in adult hood to see if maternal deprivation had a permant effect they found that the monkey with mother made from wire were often aggresive and had often mated less often during mating season because they lacked mating skills they also killed their own baby monkeys /ngeletected them 90 days after this its was very hard fro attachemnt to be formed and early deprivation signs would start to show

Question 38

what is one strenth and one limiation of Lorenz research?

Answer 38

RSEARCH SUPPORT from shapes of different size moing but birds followd the orginal shape generlaibale issues becasue mamals form a attchemc through a two way process and istn just the young who get attached it is the mother too

Question 39

what is one strengh and one limiation of harlows research?

Answer 39

RWA- in zoos and minimise the effects of maternal deprvation on monkeys heloing social worker and pyhclogits and prevent this from happeing in the wild generlaisbalty to humans- hpwveer human brai more complxe than monkeys and cocnlusion cannot be equally applied to humans

Question 40

What is the assumption of the learning theory in explaining attachment and what is it often described a s?

Answer 40

decribed as cuboard love becasue the baby get attaced to the one that feed them and provides them with pleasure of food

Question 41

How can classical condtioing explain attachment formation through food? use key term such as NS,UCS,UCR,CR,CS

Answer 41

classical condtioing is when we associate two stimlui togther so one prodices the response of the other food- UCS pleasure-UCR to the food because we dont learn that. NS- caregiver as it doesnt produce a response at first but when caregiver gives food to the baby it becomes assocaited withth food so the NS takes the place of the UCR- pleasure of food so wheneevr baby sees this perosn they assocatiet them with food and the feeling of pleasure so the NS becomes the CS and the CR becomes pleasure toward the CS the caregiver allwoing the attachment to form.

Question 42

How can operant condtioning explain attachment theory? and how can it b applied to babies ONLY?

Answer 42

operant condtioing invloves learing through conseuqunces so when positvey or egtaively reinforced it reinforces the behaviour and when an unpleasnt consequece occurs its is a punishment reduced the liklehood of the beaviour being repeated. so when baby cries-the baby is reinforced to cry when it recives the correct response from the caregiver - which then the baby directs the crying for comfort towards the caregiver

Question 43

How is the caregiver reinforced by operent condtoing?

Answer 43

NEGATIVELY reinforced becasue when it hear the cries of the baby it produces unpleasnt feelings and when the caregiver responds to it the crying stops so avoding the unpleasant feeling make it negativelt reinforced therefore strengthing the attachment.

Question 44

why does the learning theory describe attachemtn as a secondary drive ? and primary drive?

Answer 44

our primary drive is hunger becasue its an innate biological drive that motivates us to eat and when we associate the hunger/food with the caregiver they become our secondary drive to attach to so attachment fromed through assocation between caregiver and satisfaction of our primary drive/hunger DRIVE REDUCTION

Question 45

What is one limiation of the learning thoery of explaining attachments?

Answer 45

P- one limiattion of the LT is that there is counter eveidice from animal stduies E- which comes from harlows gees epxreminet where the geese imprinted on the frst moving object they saw even if it didnt give out food and harlows monkeys preffered the cloth covered mother becaus of conatct comfort rather than their food- milk depsite both giving milk E- This hsows that other factor than food are important in forming attachments L

Question 46

What is another limiation of the learning theory in exlaining attachemnt formation?

Answer 46

P- one - is that there is ocynter eveidince from human babies E- evidiece comes from schaffer and emmersons tsudy that had found babies attach to their mother regardless of whether or not they always provided the food or not Isabellas stdy also fond that in most 30 babies she studies high level of interactionla synchrony predicted levels of quality of the attachment raher thn food E- shwoing these factors arent related to feeding L- suggesting agian food is not a main factor in forming attachemnts

Question 47

What is one strenght of the LT explaining attachments?

Answer 47

P: One + of the LT theory is that some elemtnts of condtuoing maybe involved rather than just food E; we have seen that fod isnt the main fatcor in the fromation of attachemtn howevver the warmth cuddles and comfort a baby assocatiets with a particuar adult may affect its choice to attach to as their main figure E: This means that the LT can atleast help undrtand how speficic attacments can develop

Question 48

What did bowlby say about attachment fromation and why it occurs?

Answer 48

He rejected the learning thoery as an explanation for attachemtn and stated actually forming an attachment is innate so explained it through evoltuionary origin as it gives the baby survival advantage

Question 49

What is monotrpoy and how did Bowlby use this to explain attachemnt?

Answer 49

states that the baby becomes attached to one person and that this attachnent is different +more important from all other attachments the baby might form and stated that the more time spent wot this attachment figure the better the relationship and attachment

Question 50

what are the two laws/prinicples he related to monotropic theory?

Answer 50

Law of contionuty- the more contstant and predictable the care the better the quality of attachment Law of acculated separation- stating that everytime the baby is sepreated from this attachment figure the effects add up- so they shoudlnt rlly seperate

Question 51

What did bowby say about social releasers and what are they ? what is their purpose in forming attachemnt?

Answer 51

Bowblys define social releasers as the cute behaviour that babies show such as cooing gripping and smiling and that these are INNATE- it encorages attention from adults so it activated the intercation between adult and baby it also help the relationship to form gradually between the caregiver and baby he said it was a reciprical process in that the baby and mother are hardwired to become attached.

Question 52

What did bowbly say about the critical period?

Answer 52

like harlow and lorenz propsoed a critical period in which an attachemnt should form- bowlby states that this is the same fro human but known as a sensitive period because its between 6 months and 2 years that the baby should form an attachment, otherwise it will be much harder to later on

Question 53

What is the internal wokring model and wh spoke about it?

Answer 53

Bowlby- stated that the internal working model is like a mental represnation of their relationship with their primiary caregiver it is most importamt in relatioships because it acts as a base for what other reltionships should be like and what expectattions. Also very important for parenting as the child often bases parenting of what they've experinced or learnt if a loving child alot of care from a caregiver who is reliable they will then also expect in another relationship and to other sthat this is how they should be and be treated but poor treatmtne in childhood may resut in low or poor expectation in relationships becasue thats what they will expect

Question 54

What is one limiattion of bowlbys theory ?

Answer 54

P- one limitation of bowblys monotropic theory is that it it ay lack validty E- this is becasue evidice from shcaffer and emmerson found that alothough most babies attach to one person, they also attach to many other people at the same time. E- and although the first attachment may have a strong infleunce on behaviour and later relationships it may mean its stronger it doesnt mean that it is different from all other attachments, as the theory states. L: therefore this is a limiation of the theory as it suggest that the one attachment maye not be diffretn from others and not a unique quality of this one attachment.

Question 55

What is one strength of bowlbys theory?

Answer 55

P- one +is that there is support for social relasers. E- evidince comes from brazelton obervsing adyalts with their babies and playing with them using social relasers. He told the adult to ignore these babies social relasers. E- And babies who were normally shown to be responive beccame distressed and layed motionless L- This therefore shows that social relasers play a role in forming an emotional bond and an important process in attachment

Question 56

What is another strength of Bowblys theory?

Answer 56

P: Aother strength of bowblys theory is that there is support for the internal working model, which predicts that patterns of attachments pass onto generations and the next. E- Evidince comes from a researcher who assessed 99 mother and their one yr old babies. The researcher mesured the oter own attachment to their own parent/primary attachment figures and their quality of their attachment with their babies. E- Found that mother who had porrly attached to their own pirmiary caregiver were likley to have poorly attached babies. L- This therefor supports bowbly thoery of the internal wokring model becasue the mother own reltionship can affacted their future childs relationship.

Question 57

What is the strange situation?

Answer 57

is a controlled lab observation/experiment that was design to measure the seccurity of attachment a baby displaye towardsits caregiver controlled- by a two way mirror and very controlled procedure

Question 58

what were the 5 key behaviour they assesed? try to remeber these by thinking of the procedure and stages of the observation and what each of them tested...

Answer 58

proximity seeking- staying failry close to the caregiver is seen as good attachment exploration and secure base behaviour- the more baby feel confident to explore the bettee the attchent because they know they can return to their caregiver as a safe base.for securtiy stranger anxiety- when a stranger enter u get anxiety if closely attached - sepeartion anxiety-a sign in becoming attaches is aloways being close to caregiver and not liking being seperated response at reuinion- babies who are securly attached accpet the care and love from caregiver when reunited with pleasure

Question 59

What are the seven stages in the procedure?

Answer 59

1. baby ad caregiver left toeplore 2. stranger comes in and approaches baby and ralks to caregiver 3. caregiver leaves stranger and baby toegther 4. caregiver returns and stranger leaves 5.caregiver leaves baby alone 6. stranger returns 7. caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby

Question 60

What are the three types of attachent?

Answer 60

secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant

Question 61

Describe secure attachment type? 3 point? what type?

Answer 61

they explore happliy but reguray go back to the caregiver showing proximity and secure base behaviour show moderate seperattion and stanger axniety happy repsonse at reunion withcaregiver type B

Question 62

Describe insecure aviodant attachment? 3 key points what type?

Answer 62

baby explores freely but doesnt regulary go back to the caregiver -dont seek proximity or secure base behaviour showlittle to noreaction when caregiver leaves - little stranger anxiety make little eye contact when reposne at reunion with caregiver or may even avoid it type A

Question 63

describe the insecure resistant attachment? what type? 3 key points

Answer 63

explore less and seek greater proximity that others high levels of tranger anxiety and distress at seperation resist comfort with caregiver at reunion TYPEC

Question 64

What is one strength o attaachmet type and THE STRANGE siruation?

Answer 64

P-one srength is that it had good predictive validty- as it can predict a number of aspects on baies development depending on their attachment type E- evidince comes from a rseaecher who foud that those who are type B secruelt attaches often go onto have better outcomes than other in bth childhood and adult hood, such as less bullying in childood E- other evidince alos suggest that those with type B have better mental health in adult hood AND those who didnt fall into any category neither A, B or C had worse outcomes. L: therfor it can be meaninglul in undetranding the imprtance of baby development measures soehting reeal

Question 65

what is another strength of the strange sitution?

Answer 65

P- Another strength of strange situation is that it has good reliablty because of inter rater reliablty. E- evidince for ths comes from a rseaecher who that tested inter rate reliablty for a team of trained obervsers and found aggreemen on all attachment types 94% of cases. E- This is because the procedure took place under highly contolled conditions that and behaviour suchas sepreattion or proxmity seking behaviour was easy to obervse as it involved large movements such as crying or crawling away from stangers L- This means that the strnage isttuon does not depend on subective judgemnts and has good reliablty

Question 66

What is one limiation of the strange situatiin?

Answer 66

P- One limiation of the starnger siatuon is that it maybe culture bound E- this is because ot was developed in te US and uk so behaviours were acroding to these cultures what they saw as seperattion anxiety. E- One reason for this mayeb becasue babie have different experience in parenting and rearing practices and respond differently to strange sitatuion. For example in japan, researcher Takashi displayed high levels of seperation anxiety and many were classified into inseure resistant. BUT THIS MAYE HAVE BEENG BECASUE THEY RARELY EXPERINEC BEING SEPEARTED FROM THEIR MOTHER L; therefore limiation becasue it is difficult ot know what the stange sitution is measuring outisde of europe and US.

Question 67

Who were the researcher who insbetgated cultrual variations in attachment? and what waa their aim?

Answer 67

IZJDEORN AND KROONENBERG they conducted a study which looked at the three different attachment types between differetn counrtires and within the same countries to see the cultral varietion in attachemnt

Question 68

decribe the procedure ijzedorn and kroonerger used?

Answer 68

conducted 32 studuies useing strange situation to inevstigat the different poropoertion of attachment types. conducted in 8 countries -15 of them being in the US fidnings were meta anlaysed meaning the finigds were combined and then anyalysed.

Question 69

explain and decribe some of ijzdeorn and krronegers findings? in brtitan an china?

Answer 69

secure attachment most common throughout all cultures 75% fro british and 50% for china in INdiviulaist cultres rate of of insecure reisstant attachment were similar to ainsatworth research all being under 14%

Question 70

How did findins differ in collecttivst cultrures?

Answer 70

china japan and isreal all rate were above 25% for insecure resistna and reduced fro insecure avoidant so they were more INSECURE RESIISTAT ATTACHMENT CLASSIFIED

Question 71

What was the findings of differenecd withinnn cultures?

Answer 71

that findgins in variation within the same country were GREATER than those in between different cutures such as in the US- 46% weere securely attached and compared to 90% in anoher sample.

Question 72

What did korean study find about atachemtn types?

Answer 72

Jin et al found that 87 babies in korea most were secure and insecure as with most studies and howvere more of these were classifies as insedurely resistant attached and one avoidant similair to the attachment style found in japan so since japan and korea have similair rearing styles this similairity maybe expained by the similiar child rearing oractcices they may use within their culture.

Question 73

What are the conclusions of all these studies and finginds?

Answer 73

That most baies are seurely attached in a wide range of cultres supporting the idea of bowlby that attachent is innate and is universal norm. howver it can show that cultral practcoces can have an inlfunce in attachment type.

Question 74

What is one strength of research into cultral variation in attachment?

Answer 74

P- one strenght of cuktral variation in atachment is that many of the studies were conducted by indigenous psycholgists E- this is because researcher ijzdorn and kroonerberg included research by a german team- grossmann so had the same background as the particpiants E- this means that any potential such as language barriers or diifuty in communicating instruction to them can be minmised in cross cultral research- and any bias can be removeed which can arise from ethnocentrism L- therefore is had allowed the rseaerher and articipian to communicate successfully so enhances the VALIDITY of the data collected.

Question 75

What is one limiation of cultral variation research?

Answer 75

P- one limiationof cross cultral research isthe issue of confounding variavbles. E- this is becasue studies axroos different cultuters dont always use the same mehtodlogy or methods when comparing meta analyses, which maybe an issue becasue poverty and social class may act as a confounding variable. E- an example of this maybe the size of the room given to the child to play and explore in or it ight have not as many toys compared to a bigger room- so proximity seeking behaviour is less visibale making it more liley the baby is seen to be inseurely attached. L- so t may not tell us abot attahcment patterna cross different cultures.

Question 76

What is another limiation of cultral research in attachment variation?

Answer 76

P-Another limiation of cross cultral research is that it may try to impose a ETIC apporach rather than a EMIC apporach E- an etic approach is when we assume an idea or techniwue in ne culture will wil work inaother cultral context E- an example of this is attachement rsearch is that when babies respone at union with caregiver in starnge situation i britain and US is that lack of affection may classify them as avoidant. However in germany this may be seen as a sign of indepandance rather than insecurity- so the strange sitatuin may not work in germany. L- This means that difference in behaviour identifued by the strange situation and coparing them across cultures can be meaningless.

Question 77

What does bowbly stheory of maternal deprovation state?

Answer 77

Bowblys idea of maternal depriavtion is that if a monotrpoic relationship with their mother is deprved of then this will lead to a lack of proper emotional development

Question 78

Describe the difference between separation and deprivation?

Answer 78

sepeartion is when the bay is not in the prescnce of a primairy attchent figure and becomes a problme if the bay is deprived of emotional care- so sepeartion occurs for longer periods of time which is what causes harm

Question 79

What did bowbly say about the critical period?

Answer 79

from 6t to 2 years is the ctriicla period for child to emotionally develop/psychologically so when baby cdepived of proper emotional care for an extended period of time then ppsychoglical damage is inevitable and can continue upto the age of 5.

Question 80

What are the effects of maternal deprivation on intelaetcuall development? link to a study?

Answer 80

One way is that it can effect childs development in theri intellectual development so if deprived of care for too long then the ctrical period they are gonna experince delayed intelectual developmtn- low IQ Goldfarb study found that those children in instiatiouons had a lower IQ compared to fostered children who had atleast a higher standard of emtional care

Question 81

What are the effect sof maternal depirvation on emotional development?

Answer 81

maternal depirvation can create affectionless psychopaths who lack the ability to emptahise withs other and thus cannot feel any guilt or strong emotion towards others. whcih thrn affect them later on in life because they cant fullfill relatioships and cannot appreciate the feelings of victims and so lack remorse for their actiosn ro what theyve done.

Question 82

What is bowlys 44 theives research procedure? - 4 points.

Answer 82

44 cimrinal teenagers sample accuesed o f stealing - they all had charcaterstcs of lacking affecttion and lack of empathy for their vicitms their families were intervwied in order to establaish whether they had pronlonged sepearion form their mothers comapred to control group pf 44 non criminal but emotionally distured people

Question 83

What were the findings of bowblys research?

Answer 83

14/44 were described a affectioness psychopaths and 12 of these expericed maternl deprivation from the first two years of their life. The rest of the 30 had eperinced seperations - concluding that deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Question 84

What is one limaition of bowbly rsearch on maternal deprivation?

Answer 84

P- one limiation is that is has flawed evdience and is based on porr quality research E- Evidince comes from bowby sstudy of 44 theives that he conducted the interveiwe with the families themselves that assessed for affectionless psychopathy. This is a porbemd becuase it left him open to bias becasue he was expecting which teenagers were meant to show afectionlaess psychopathy. E-In Goldfarbs iQ study, the research had confoundng variables becasue the children werent just deprived of care from primary caregiver sbut also experinced early trauma L-This means that bowlbys rseaech for maternal deprivation is flawed and cant be taken as real evidinece becasue it has porr quality

Question 85

What is 2nd limiation of bowblys maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 85

P- anther limiation of bowblys maternal deprivation theory is that it there is a confusion between the effects f deprivation and privation E- This is becasue deprivation referd to when a baby losses the primary attachment figure after a attchemnt has been formed and privation is when tha attahcment doesnt form in the first place. E- which Rutter et al pointed out to be that privation causes the long term damage that bowblys calls- maternal deprivation. So in goldfarbs study children werre actaully prived rather than deprived and the teenagers in 44 theives tsudy had ealy disrupted lives so they may have never formed the attachments. L- therefore bowlys may have overestiamted the effects of maternal deprvation in children development and bowlby maye studying the effects of privation rather then deprivation

Question 86

What is a 3rd limiation of bowblys maternal deprivation theory?

Answer 86

P- one limiation of bowblys idea is the effects of the critical period E- evidince comes from the case of Czech twins that had suffered severe emtional and physical abuse from 18 months until they were seven yrs old., but when they recived excellant care they had recovered fully by their teens. E- and thos contradicts bowly idea of the ctrical period becasue it usually is between 6 months and 2 years that the attachetn shoudl formed otherwise the effects of the damage are irreversivle. L- This means that lasting harm isnt irreversiable in cases of privation- so citricla period should be seen as sesnitive period.

Question 87

What was the main aim of rutter et al study?

Answer 87

to study the effect of deprivation on emotional and intelcetucal developement studying those in institions

Question 88

What was rutter et all procedure ? 3/4 oints what was his aim?

Answer 88

Rutter followed 165 romanion orphans- and were adopted by families in the UK to investugate the extent to which good car could make up for the poor early epxerinces in institions physical emotional and congitove development was assessed at ages 4,6,11,15,20-25 a group of 52 children from Uk were adopted at the same time to act a control group

Question 89

summarise the findings of rutter et al study?

Answer 89

When children first arrived to uk, 50% of them showed signs of malnourishment The mean iQ of those adopted before6 months was 108 mean iQ for those adopted between 6 months and 2 years was 86 mean IQ for those adopted aftter two year was 77 and remained at age 16 some at age 20-25 also dveleoped ADHD

Question 90

What were the findings of rutter et al research on different attachment types?

Answer 90

He found that those adopted after 2 years had a disinhibted attahcent type that had chractris of being extra clingy, attention seeking and social behaviour to anyone or everyone compared to those adopted before 6 months didnt display disinhibted attachment

Question 91

Summarise ZEANAHS research -procedure?

Answer 91

assessed attachment in romanion children agen 12-31 motnhs who spent most of their live in instiotonal care compared to a group of 50 to acts as control group assesed using strange situation and the carers were askked aout any clngy or attenton seeking behaviour that acted as a measure of disinhibted attachment

Question 92

what were the fidings of zeanhs research?

Answer 92

74% of control gorup were securely attached compared to only 19% of the roamnin children and 44% had disiinhibted attahchemtn

Question 93

What are the effects of instionalistion in terms of disinhibted attachment?

Answer 93

children whp spend most of their lives insitions often develop the dishibited attahcment tyep shwoing clingy behavioir and equal affection to strangers and familiar people- which is highly unsual BCEASUE MOST CHILDREN BY THE SECOND YR DEVELOP STRANGER ANXIETY This was becasue Rutter said that this was a adaptation for them to live with multiple caregivers during the sesnitive period of attahcment - so didnt spend enough time with one carer to be able to form a secure attachment.

Question 94

What are the effcts of institionalisation in terms of intelectual disabilty?

Answer 94

although ost of the children showed signs of intenlectual disabilty when arrived in UK most of those who adopted by age of 6 months had caugt uo with the control group by the age of 4. SO damage to emotional and intelectual development can be recovered when appropraote adoption with care takes place before the age of 6 months-critical peiod in which attahcments form.

Question 95

What is one strengnth of romainion orphan studuies?

Answer 95

P- one srength of RA studies it its real world application in improving condtitions for children growing up outisde their family home E- this is becasue it has helped psycolgits to understand how institional care can affect the child emionaly and psyhcoglically and how to prevent these effects. E- suhc as children homes avoiding large numbers of caregivers for each child, rather hae one to two key workers that play their role as a caregiver and provide emtional care. And is now seen as undesirable for orpans , so effort is made o have them adopted or fostered instead. LThis mens that it can help children living in child care homes develop a noral attachemnt and a disihibited attachent is avodided.

Question 96

What is another strenght of RA studies?

Answer 96

P; Anoter strenght is that there is a lack of confounding svaribales E- this is becasue evidince for oprhan studies could have come from before the romanion orphas sch as those from WW2, but many had experinced trauma and neglect/abuse which is hard to sepreate these affect from instional care ( so we wouldnt know if effects are from the instition or the abuse/traumaon their attachment) E- but children from RA had been given in by loving parents that couldnt affored to keep them- so results were less likley to be confonded by other nagtive experiences L- HIGH INTERNAL VALIDTY

Question 97

What is a limiation of romanion orphan studies?

Answer 97

P- one limiation is that there is a lack of adut data on child development. E- This is becasue data from the english romannion orphan study looked at hcildren in their early mide twenties so we dont have any current data on them on the long term effetcs of early institionla care E-such as any mental health problems or the success and maintencae of adult romantic relatiohsip L- therefore due to longituinudal design of the study there will be some time before we know the long term effetcs for the romanion orphans

Question 98

What is the role of the internal working model in attahcmetn and later relatioships? what does it acts as

Answer 98

Bowblys had stated that a childs frist relationship with their primary caregiver acts as a blueprint/mental reperesnetion of how relaltoships should be like and what to expect from them

Question 99

Explain how the IWM will affect attahcment fromation and adult relaioships?

Answer 99

A babies first eperice with loving and consistent care will form a reliable reltioship with their caregiver and assume how other relationships are meant to be and will seek functional relatioships within them. but those who may have negtaive experiece with their frist relationship with their primary cargiver will bring this bad experimce to their future relatioship- show insecure aviodant or resistant behaiour with thier frinds or partners. insecure avooidant maybe too emotilayy close insecure resistant may fear intamcy or be controlling

Question 100

What are the eeffetc sof attahcment of relationship in childhood? research?

Answer 100

the attahcmnent type is assoiated with the quality of peer relatiohsip in childhood. securely attahced babies go onto form best qualitu friendships and insecure avoidant or resistant babies have more friendship difficulties Researchers assessed attahcmet types in children aged 7-11 in london and found that secure children less liley to be bullies/bullying. insecure avoidant were victims of bullying and resistant were most liley to be bullies.

Question 101

What erthe effects of attahcment on adult relationhsips- romantic HAZER AND SHAERS LOVE QUIZ

Answer 101

assessed 620 replies in news paper quiz 1st section- asked about their most current relatioship 2ns section- number of partners they currenty have or have haddd 3rd sectionask attachment type by asking to decribe their feelings

Question 102

Hazer and shaver love quiz fidnings?

Answer 102

56%-seuelty attahceed had most succseful and romantic epxerijces 28%- insecure avoidant 19%- insecure resistant were often jealou or feared intamacy

Question 103

What one strength of research of attahcment into later relatiohsips?

Answer 103

P-rsearch to support/evidince supporting E- evidience comes from studies linking attahcment to later developments such as bailyes study of 99 mothers and theri one year old.. E- reseaechers have alos condluded that early attachment consistently predicts later attachments,emotional well being a and the attachment to their own children. How strong the relatiohsip between early attahcment type and later developemtn depends on the TYPE of attachment and aspect of their later develpment. such as insecure avoidant havng fewer disadvantges as disorgnaised attahcment whihc has severe negatively consequneces such as mental disorders. L- this means that dependng on the attahcment type their future developmnt an positvey impact them or negitaively impact them.

Question 104

What is a limiation of research of attachment on later relatioships?

Answer 104

P- one limitation is the issue of validty in reretospective studies. E- evidience these studies arent longitudinal (so they dont asses attachment in ealry life and then visti the same people later on in life) which means they assess it through asking older people about their childhood experiences. E- which causes validty problems suchas relying on honesty and perception of the particpiants. And its hard to know whether we are assessing adult attahcment right now or their early attahment in their childhood. L- this means that studuies in eary attahcment are confounded by other factors that may make them meaningless.

Question 105

What is another limitation of rseaerch int o later reatiohsip and attahcment?

Answer 105

P- Another limiation of reseach into later relatatiohsips is that confounding variables exist. E- this is becasue alothough some studies such as the lchildren aged 7-11 in london assesed on their attahcemtn types during early life. E- there could be a confounding variale of parenting styles that can affect attahcment quality and later development. the genetic influneced peronalty type can make it harder or easier for attahcment to form between baby and caregiver. L- therefore we xan never be sure whther earl attahcmen tyep is influencnf later developemt and is not due to any other factor.