Biopsych paper 2 Flashcards

Question

What are 2 limitation of using ERP?

Answer 1

lack od stnadradisation of methods between different researchers, making it difficult to confirm findings. any background noise must be removed to estabalish specific areas of the brain in repsone to specific stimuli

Answer 2

it has real world applications, such as BROCAS area being discovered and the link between language and areas of the brain

Answer 3

causation is an issues with this (as correlation between one area of the dmaaged brain does not mean that THAT would have caused it) ETHICAL ISSUE of informed consent is present because participant may not be able to provide concent before death, but has lead to many discoveries about the brain.

Answer 4

distinct patterns of chnages in the body that confrom to cyclical time periods and are influnced by internal body clocks (endogenous pacemakers) and external influneces (exogenous zietgbers) exampls are ultradian and infradian rhythms

Answer 5

governed by internal body clocks ushc as the exogenous pacemaker and external influence such as the exogenous zeitgbers

Answer 6

rhytms that occru many times during the day

Answer 7

rhytms that take longer than a day to complete

Answer 8

the sleep wake cycle is a biological rhythm that is governed by internal body clock (endogenous pacemaker) the SCN. The SCN recieves light from above the optic chiasm and LIGHT which is an exogenous zeitgeber can reset the SCN.

Answer 9

sieff showed how our SCN is goverened/controlled by external factors such as light. This is because he spent 2 months in cave deprived of light and sound and resurfaced in mid spetmeber htinking it to be mid august

Answer 10

it was shown that his free running biological rhythm settled down to one that was just under the usual 24 hrs and continued to fall asleep and wake up at regular times everyday.

Answer 11

partipinat spent 4 weeks ina bunker deprived of natural light

Answer 12

all bt one of the participiants sleep wake cycel exteneded to 29 hrs and a cricadian rhythm of 24 hrs

Answer 13

Both studies show that the natural sleep wake cycle maybe slightly longer than 24 hrs but is entrained by exogenous zietgbers associated with the meal times and daylight hours of a 24hr day.

Answer 14

shift wirk,medical treatment and individual differences

Answer 15

one strength of rsearch into CR is that it has provided an undertsnading of consequences when they are disrupted. An example of this is when nigth shift workers experice a reducced concentration of about 6 in the morning meaning mistakes are more likely . Also it has lead to finding that it can have a porr imapct on our health such as a higher risk of devekoping COHD. Therefore this is a strength because it shows how sleep wake cycle can affect our productivity in the economy.

Answer 16

abother strength is that research has been used to improve the effectiveness of medical treatment/drugs. This is because circadian rthyms coordinate many processes withing the body such as heart rate and digestion, which can rise and fall during the nigth or daytime.. This has lead to the development of chronotherpaueteutics- which is personal treatment accrodidng the bodys biological clock. For example taking aspiring to prevent heart attacks is most effective to take last things at night, so it reduces the risk of a heart attack in the morning (because they mostly occru in the morning so taking aspirin in the night helps to thin the blood over night. Therefore this shows that rsearch into SWC can help in medical treatment.

Answer 17

One limitation of research into SWC is that there are individual differences. This is because the studies from sieff and bunker one are based off very small number of participiants and actaully vary from person to person. Evidience comes from a rsearcher who found a individual differences in sleep wake cycles varying from 13 to 65 hours, and some people have a natural preferenace fro going to bed early and waking up early or opposite people. this means that the rsearch data to discuss anything more than averages is meaningless.

Answer 18

is a biological rythm that has a frequency of less than one cycle every 24hrexamples (becasue it takes a month to complete)

Answer 19

the menstrucal cycke is an example of an infradian rhthym because it frequynecy is less than one cycle in 24 hours as it takes 28 to 30 days to complete. it is governed by hormones levels and regulates ovulation. as when oestrogen peaks then ovulation occurs , then only will the second last phase start which is the luteal phase where progestrone levels increase to make the lining of the womb thicker in prep for pregnancy

Answer 20

the mensural cycle is governed by endogenous system but can be influenced by external factors such as cycle of other women by influence of pheromones. This was shown by researcher who gathered 29 women with a irregular period cycle. Samples of pheromones were gathered from 9 different women eahc on a different stage of their menstrual cycle. worn for 8hr in armpit rubbed on upper lip and rubbed the cotton pad of the women on her first day of her menstrual cycle and so on until her last day 68% 18 women had experienced cycle changes that had brought them closer to their odour donour, showing how infradian rhythm can be influenced by exogenous zeitgebers.

Answer 21

SAD is seasonal affective disorder w3hidh shares some of the sympotms of depression and low mood and low energy. Often tirggered in the winter months as number of daylight hours become shorter is subject toa yearly cyclle. the hormone MELATONIN maybe responsible for this as the pineal gland releases melatonin until dawn when an increase in light is detected from the optic chiasm/ SCN. during winter due to lack of light the secretion continues so it has a knock on effect on the production of seratonin in the brain - whichcauses depression.

Answer 22

one +is that it can be explained by evolutionary basis through ntaural selection. This is becasue our ascnestors may have synchrnised menstrual cycles to become pregnat at the same time so if mother were lost during or after childbirth then they wouls still be able to surviweve and grow due to the access of care through the other mothers increasing chnaces of survival. There fore synchrnising mentraul cycle maybe an adaptive stratgey.

Answer 23

This is becasuse there are many mehtodoglical problems. This is bvecause there are many other factors which can impact the mentrual cycle such as stress diet or exercise which may act as CONFOUNDING VARIBALES, which means that the synchriniastion of menstrual cycle could be because of just chance. So THIS IS ALSO WHY OTHER HAVE FAILED TO REPLICATE THE FINDINGS.

Answer 24

a biologicaql ryhtm that ahs a fREQ of more then one cycel in 24hrs such as stagesof sleep

Answer 25

EEG and lasts 90 minutes (one whole cycle)

Answer 26

light sleep person easily woken brain waves have high FReQ and short amplitude (alpha waves) stages 2 may have sleep spindles.

Answer 27

DEEP SLEEP OR SWS delta waves of low FREQ and high apmlitude, difficult to wake up someone

Answer 28

REM sleep / body aslpee but brain resembvles acvtiovyt of being awake. produces theta waves and eye rapudely moves drams are often experinced

Answer 29

One+of rseerahc into ultradian rhythm is improved undertsnading of age related changes in sleep. This is because slow wave sleep reduced with age, and because the growth hormone is produced during this time , there is a deficency of this. This can then caus the issues of old age such as reduced alertness. but in order to increase this SWS, meditation or relaxation techniques can be used. This means that research has practical value as it can help older people and the age relkated chnages.

Answer 30

one - is that tehgre are individual differences in between partipinats in terms of the duration of each stage of sleep , particularly in stages 3 and 4, and are usually biologically determined., therefore this make it difficult to describe normal sleep.

Answer 31

SCN superchiasmatic nucleus

Answer 32

SCN is a tiny bundles of nerves located in the hypothalamus in each hemisphere of the brain. it maintains the circadian ryhtms. it lies right above optic chiasm which is where the nerve fibres of the eye cross to the left and right visual field. This helps its recieve light from even when our eyes are closed to help adjust to changing patterns of daylight.

Answer 33

de corutesy et al destroyed the SCN connecttions in brains of 30chipmunks and were returned to their natural habitat for 80 days. it was found that most of them had been killed by predators because they were awake when meant to be sleeping and vulnerable to attck when they should have been asleep. foetal tissue of mutant bred hamster s were tranferred and defaulted to 20hrs

Answer 34

The SCN passes on infromation about length of day and light to the pineal gland. This is responsible in the prodcution of melatonin inhibiting wakefullness and inducing sleepyness

Answer 35

one limiation of the SCN is that it can obscure other body clocks. This is because research shows that there are circadian rhytms in many organs and cells which are called periphreal oscilators and are found in the lungs pancreas and liver. although they are influenced by the SCN they act indenpandtly, as when a researcher how feeding patterns in mice could later their circadian rhytm of cells in the liver by upto 12 hrs, while leaving the SCN unaffected, suggesting there other influences on the sleep wake cyle.

Answer 36

another limitation of ENDG pacemakers is that they cant be studied in isolation, total isolation studies are pretty rare and in sifferes cave study the use of an articial light could have reset his biological clock every time he turned it on, and in real life ENDG pacemaker and EXG zeitgber interact so it it makes little sense to seperate the two for research. so it make the studies less valid.

Answer 37

external factors in the envrioment that reset our bioogical clocks through entraining and are light and social cues.

Answer 38

can reset the SCN and can control functions such as hormone secrettion and blood circulation.

Answer 39

light can be detected by our recpetor sites on our skin even when not recieved by eyes.

Answer 40

he shone light at the back of knees in 15 particpiaints and produced a cyce deviation of 3 hours, suggestin light is a powerful EXGZ and does need to rely on eyes to influence the brain

Answer 41

social cues can include meal times and babies are usually pretty random, but at 16 weeks the babies circadian rhythms become entrained by social cues such as meal times and bedtimes. to beat jet lag it is found to adapt to local times for eating and sleeping rather than own feeligns of hunger and fatigue to entrain the circadian rhytmand beat jet lag.

Answer 42

one limitation is that EXG dont have the same affect in all enviroments. This is becasue people who live in places where there is very little darkness in summer and very little light in winter usualy have a similiar sleep apttern all year around. despite spending six months in total darknes, such aas those who live in artic circle. suggesting that the sleep wake cycle is controlled by endogenous pacemakers that can overdie envriomental changes in light.

Answer 43

One limitation of eXG is case study eveidince shows that meal times and social cues arent just enought to entrian the sleep wake cycle and that ENDG has a strogner influence. a young blind man from birth had a abnormal circadian rhythm of 24.9hrs, despite regular meal times it couldnt be adjusted.

Biopsych paper 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)