psychopathology- yr 1

Question 1

define statistical infrequency?

Answer 1

Statistical infrequency is when a person has a less of a common characteristic (more depressed or less intelligent than rest of population).

Question 2

give an exnaple of statistical infrequenecy? and explain it?

Answer 2

An example of this intellectual disability order. This is measured by the level of IQ an individual has, such as those with a normal set IQ 100, they will cluster around the average and will be perceived as normal

only 2% of people will have an IQ of 70 and an IQ of above 120, which will be considered abnormal and receive a diagnosis of intellectual disability.

Question 3

define deviation from social norms?

Answer 3

Deviations from social norms are when behavior is different from accepted standards of society. These can be relative to the culture we live in and society we have grown up in.

Question 4

give an example of deviation from social norms? and a disorder linked to this?

Answer 4

An example is homosexuality in Brunei 2019, you will be stoned to death, is considered an offense.

Another example is antisocial personality disorder, when you fail to conform culturally normative ethical behavior, and may also show signs of aggressive and impulsive thoughts.

Question 5

What is a strrenght of the defintion of STQ?

Answer 5

P- one stregnght is that it has real wold appliaction.

E- this i sbecasue it can be used in cliniclaprcatisces as a way of diagonosing and assessing someone symptoms

E- an example of this is the inteletual disbality disorder requiring an iQ of 70 or below which is used

One strength of using statical infrequency to define abnormality is its real-world application. This is because it’s used in clinical practice, to assess and diagnose someone. For intellectual disability disorder you must have a IQ of lower than 70 (less than the average 2%). It can also be used in diagnosing BECK Depression inventory where a score of 30+ is severe depression. It criterion is very useful in real world clinics.

Question 6

What is one limition of using STFQ as a definiton of abnornlaty?

Answer 6

One limaiiton of using statistcial infrquency as a way of defnin abnomrlaity is that unsual charctarics can be positive

suhc as someone who has a low iQ of 70 there is another person who has a high iQ of 130, but that person with abnomrlaly high iQ isnt percived as abnomral . similairly someone whos sxores very low on beck depression inventroy isnt abnormal, so someone being at one end of the spectrum doesnt make them abnormal.

therefore it can never be a sifficient bassi of deofong abnormality evn though it maybe used in formal parts of assess,ent.

Question 7

what is one strenght of deviation form social norms as a defintion for abnormality?

Answer 7

Real-world application

One strength of deviation from social norms is its usefulness.

Deviation from social norms is used in clinical practice. For example, the key defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder is the failure to conform to culturally acceptable ethical behaviour i.e. recklessness, aggression, violating the rights of others and deceitfulness. These signs of the disorder are all deviations from social norms.

Such norms also play a part in the
diagnosis of schizoptypal personality disorder, where the term ‘strange’ is used to characterise the thinking, behaviour and appearance of people with the disorder.

This shows that the deviation from social norms criterion has value in psychiatry.

Question 8

What is one limaition of deviation form social norms as a deifintion of abnornalty?

Answer 8

P- one limiation is that tere is variabity between differnet cultures and dfferent sitautions as a person from one cultral group may label someonelse as abnoral using their own norms.

E- this is becasuse in some cultrues hearing voices in african cultures maye sen as normal as they are messages from the dead. but abnoml in parts of the UK. another norm is that aggressive and decietful behaviour maybe normal in family life but socially unaccpetable in the conext of corporate deal making.

• this means that it sis difficult to judge deviatiob from social normas across different sitaut and cultures
  L

Question 9

define failure to function adeuqlaty?

Answer 9

is when someone struggles to cope with the eversay demands of life or daily tasks

Question 10

when is someone failing otfunction adequlty according to seligmans crietria?

Answer 10

additonal signs that can be used to identify if someone isnt not coping-

cannot conform to standard social interpersonal rules such as mainting eye contact during a convo

person epereinces severe distress

a persons behaviour becomes irrational or dangeroous to others or themselves

Question 11

What is an example of a disorder that related to FFA?

Answer 11

intelecctual disiablty disorder- yhat when someone has alower frqeunecy of IQ - but the indvidual must be failing to funtcion adeqeutly before a diagnosis would be given

Question 12

Define devaition from ideal mental health?

Answer 12

when someone does not meet the criteria for ideal mental health

Question 13

What is Jahodas criteria of rideal mental healht look like?

Answer 13

-no symptoms of distress
-rational and percimes ourselves accuaretely
-ability to self actualise
-selft esteem and lack guilt
-indepandant of ohter people

Question 14

What is one strength of FFA?

Answer 14

P- one + of FFA is that it represnts a threshold for help.

E- this is becasue most of us may experinece these symptoms and acording to charity MIND - 25% of people in UK will espereince a mental health problem in a year.

E- but many people give importance oto severe symtpoms which may cease to funtion adequalty and seek proffesional help from others.

L- which means this criteria canprovide treatmnet and services to those who need it the most

Question 15

What is one limiation of FFA?

Answer 15

P- one limiation of FFA is that it may see non standard lifetysles as abnormal.

E- This is becasue some people may want to chooseee to deviate from social norms and be more happier when doing so.

E- for example not havig a permenant address might seem FF and would be for some people, but these people may choose to live life on edge and take high risk behvaiours which coud be seen as irrational.

L- so this means that people who make unsual choices are risked as being labelles as abnormal and their freedom of choice maybe resticted.

Question 16

What is one strength of deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 16

P- one strengthideal mental health is that it is highly comprehensive.

E- this is because jahods concept of ideal mental health contains charcateriscs that distiguish mental health from disorders and why we maybe developing a mental disorder,

E- Which means that a range of different medical health proffessionals can discuess these mental health issues with their patients suhc as humanistsic psychologists maybe interested in self acrualisation

L- this means that ideal mental health provides a checklist which we an assess ourselves and and others and with a range of proffesionals.

Question 17

What is one limitation of deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 17

P-One limiation of deviatio from ideal mental health is that is maybe cukture bound.

E- this is becasue much of the citeria for ideal mental health is located in the context of the US and europe.

E - such as the concpet of self actualization would probalby be seen as self induglent by the rest of the world.

Even in eurpe there is variation such as countries such as germany would see personal independance as good and not good in italy, so could be different for certain cultures for what they see as ideal mental health

L- difficult ot apply cocpect of ideal mental health from one culture to another.

Question 18

ouline behavioural chracterict of phobias?

Answer 18

P-panic involve a range of distrurbig behavours such as screaming trembling or shievering

E-ednurance- remaining in the presence of phobic stimulius and keep an eye on it

A-avoidance the phobia and making a special effort to stay away fom it

Question 19

outline emtional charactrocs of phobia?

Answer 19

A-anxiety- long term worry about that stimulis

F-immediate or unpleasant response being scared of that phobic stimulus

E-emotional response is unreasonalbe- such as a big irrational response to a tiny spider

Question 20

outline cognitive charcatricts of phobia?

Answer 20

-ways in which people processes the informamtion about the phobic stimulus

S- selective attention to phobic stimulus

I-rrational beliefs sich as a spider being posinous

C-cogntitve distortions innacurate perceptions of of the phobix stimluus

Question 21

Outline behaviural characteristics of depression?

Answer 21

LOW actitvoty levels0 such as withdrawal from work but sometimes have PSCHYOMOTOR AGITATION- people struggle to stay relaxed, such as pace up and down a room

disruption to sleep and eating behavour-such as insomnia

aggression or self harm-suicide or aggressive towards others

Question 22

outlin emotional charactotcs of depression?

Answer 22

lowered mood

aggression

lowered self esteem

Question 23

outline cognitive characterics of depression?

Answer 23

poor conectration

tending to dwell o the negative

absloutist thinking -blcak and white picture no in between or two sides of things

Question 24

define OCD?

Answer 24

a conditin charcatriswd by obssession or complusive behaviour

complusions0 a behaviour you do
obssession are unwanted thoughts

Question 25

outline behavioural aspects of OCD?

Answer 25

complusions are repetitive complusions reduce anxiety -temporily avoidance- their thing that triggere their anxiety or compusions

Question 26

outline emotional charactericts of OCD?

Answer 26

anxiety or distress accomnying depression guilt or disgust

Question 27

outline cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Answer 27

obessive thoughts- reoccuring unpleasnt controlling thoughts cogntitve copin strategies to manage anixety insiht into excessive anxiety-aqare that their thoughts are irrational

Question 28

What are two basci assumptions of the bhevaiourst apporach explaining PHOBIA?

Answer 28

focuses and explains the behavioural chrcatericts phobia which is the two porcess model

Question 29

what are two parts of the proces model?

Answer 29

aquisition by classical conditionng maintenace by operant conditioning

Question 30

EXplain how a phobia is created thorugh classical condtioning?

Answer 30

learning to associate something which we have no fear of NS- with somehting that triggers a fear response such as UCS

Question 31

Describe the study of little ALBERT- and classic conditioing?

Answer 31

developed phobia in ALBERt becasue he was shown a white rate which he wasnt scared of and began to play with it. noise -UCS UCR- fear CS-rat CR- fear of the rat when a loud noise was made next to alberts ear with a iron bar when a rat was presenrted to him so when the rat and noise UCS was apired togther the NS was associated with the ucs BOTH PRODUDING A FEARFUL RESPONSE.

Question 32

How can this phobia of a rat be generliased to other things?

Answer 32

generaklised the fear to other furry things such as a cotton balls a fur coat or even a non white rabbit which albert all feared of.

Question 33

Explain how a phobia is maintained through operant conditiong~?

Answer 33

behaviur/phobia is reinforced or punished. reinforcment tend to increase the freqeunecy of the behaviour so when a person with a phobia avoids the stimulus it avoids the situation- undesirable consequence so behaviour will; be repeated so whenevr we escape the fear and anxoety associated withthe phobia it reinforced the avoidance behaviour so phobia is maintained.

Question 34

What is one strength of BA explaining phobia?

Answer 34

P- one strenght of the BA in explaining phobia is that it has realw olrd application in exposure therpaies such as flooding. E- this is useful becasue we undertsnad that phobias are maintianed through avoiding them, which is why it is beneficial for them to being exposed to phobic stimulus. E- so when the avoidance behaviour is stopped then the it is reinforced by the experience of anxiety reduction and then declines. So the phobia is the avoidance behaviour so when this is avoidance is prevented the phobia is cured. L- this increases the value of the BA two process model becasue it can treat phobias.

Question 35

what is another strength of BA explaining phobia~?

Answer 35

P- aother strength of the BA in explaining phobias is that there is eveidnce fro the link between experiences and phobias E-the little albrt study shos how a frightneing experience can create a fear involving a stimulisu that can lead to a phobia of it. E- evidince comes from 70% of people with a fear of dental treatment had eexperienced a traumtic experience mostly involving dentistry, compared to a control group of only 20% with low dental anxiety but experiening a traumatic event L- which supports the BA as it confirms that the asscoaiction between stimulus dentisry and pain can lead to the development of a phobia

Question 36

What is a limitation of the BA approach explaining phobia?

Answer 36

P- One limiation of the two porcess model is that it only accounts fro behavioural aspects of phobias and not cogitive. E- this is becasue the two process model explains the behavioural respone to phobias such as avoidance of the phobic stimulus. E- but phobias also have a cognitive component to them such as having irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus-so doesn offer a aeduate eplanion for the cognitive aspect of phobias. L- this means that the BA cannot fully explain the symptoms of phobias.

Question 37

What are two behavioural therapies to treta phobias? explain the aim of each one?

Answer 37

systematic desensitisation - gradually reduce anxiety through counter conditiong- the new response to phobic stimulus is paired wih relaxtion instead of anxiety. flooding- expsoue to phobic stimulu straight away and without gradual build up

Question 38

Outline the three processes in SD?

Answer 38

-ANXIETY HEIRACHY is built in which the therpaist helps the client build a hiearchy which is the lowest anxiety level situation to the most frightening -eg cat -RELAXATION the therapist teahces client to relax as deeply as possible becasue it is not possible to to be afraid and relxed at the same time- RECIPRICAL INHIBITION such as reathing techniques and relaxing experiences- sometimes drugs can be used -Exposure client exposed to phobic stimulus across several sessions starting at bottom of anxiety heirachy until to the top and only when the patient can stay relaxed at each level they can then move up= treatment successful when the clientcan stay relaxed at highest on anxiety hierachy.

Question 39

Describe the process of flooding and how dies it work?

Answer 39

process- long sessions sometimes 2-3 hours with immediate exposure to stimulus such as a cat placed sraught away. It works by the patient learning that the phobic stimulus is harmless- known as EXTINCTION so the learned resposne of fear is extingishued when the CS- a cat is encountered wihtout the UCS-scratched so the learned response is at the CS no longer produces CR of fear and some patinet maybe exhausted by the feeling of fear so just feel relaxed

Question 40

What are the ethical safeguards of flooding?

Answer 40

is unpleasant consequence so infromed consenct is nesscary to be taken so they are fully prepared from before

Question 41

What is one strenght of SD?

Answer 41

P- one strengthof SD is evidience to support its effectivness E -a researcher who had followed people who got 3, 45 minute essions of SD. and at both three and 33 months they were less fearful og the phobic stimulus compared to control group who were treated with relaxtion without exposure. E- a recent reviwea aslo conluded that SD is effective than speficif phobia and social phobia. L- this means that SD is helpful with people wit phobias

Question 42

What is another strenght of SD?

Answer 42

P- One strength of SD is thatit can be suitable for people with disabalities. E- This is becasue of other forms of SD might not be sitable for people with disabilities might struggle with cogntitve therapies that may require complex rationla htought, or they may even feel ditrssed abiut the thought of flooding. L- this means that SD can be a appropraite treatmtn for people with learning disabilities who have phobias.

Question 43

What is one strength of flooding as atreatemtn fro phobias?

Answer 43

P- one strength of flooding is that it is highly cost effective. E- This is becaasue SD can be just as effective for one session compared to 10 sessions of SDto get the same result, even if each session lasts a long time it can still be highly effetvie in treating phobias, making it more cost effective. E-this is becasue the effectviness of a therapy also relies on how much it costs the NHS and a therpay can be cost effeective when it is clinically effective and not expensive. L- this means that more people can be treated with the same cost with flooding compared to SD or other therapies.

Question 44

What is one limiation of flooding as treatemtn of phobias?

Answer 44

P- one limitation of flooding is that it can be hghly traumatic experinece for the indvidual. this is becasue a reseaecher had found tht both particpinat and therapist had rated flooding more stressful than SD. Which raises an ethical issue because the therapists knowingy cause stress to their clients, even though they obtain infromed consent but this can also means taht the attritio rates are high because of the fearful experience ontop of facing the phobic stimulus. therefore this is a limiation for flooding becasue it means that some therpaist may actaully avoid this treatemtn.

Question 45

How does the cognitive approach explain depression- short summary?

Answer 45

the cognitve approach aims to explain why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others and highlight this is because of their faulty information processing- or how they think- cognitive perceptions COGNITIVE VULNERABILTY

Question 46

How did BECK describe information processing in people with depression?

Answer 46

this is linked to the cognitve aspect of depression- dweilling on the negative. for example even if they won 1 millionpound lottery they would thuink about how someone recived a 10 million pound lottery rather than focusing on the things they could do with that one 1 million pounds also linked ot black and white -absolutist thinking-seeing no middle ground between things.

Question 47

How does BECK describe the schema of someone with depression?

Answer 47

a schema is a packages pf info or idead learnt through experience which act as a mental framework- and a self schema is the package of information the individual has about themselves. and constantly interpret information in a negative way about themselves.

Question 48

Describe becks negative triad?

Answer 48

when a perosn has depressive or negative thoughts about themselves the world and the future despite the reality Negative veiw of themselves- linking ot low self esteem negative view of the future negative view of the world.

Question 49

What does ellis ABC model propose for the reason of depression?

Answer 49

he suggested that depression results from irrational; thoughts or beilef system that arent logical or realistic so it can afect our emtional state.

Question 50

Outline Ellis ABC model and briefly explain each of them?

Answer 50

A-activating event- when we edxperice these nagtive events they trigger these iraationbal beliefs casuing us to be depressed. B- belifs it is the belif systemt that causes the activating event to be percieved as negative. C- these are the consequences of A and B- so if a perosn vbelives they should always succseed and fail on a test then this can trigger depression or depressive behaviour such as aggresion or self harm(behavioural charcatrist of depresson)

Question 51

What is one strength of becks negatve triad?

Answer 51

research support evidence comes from a study that found that they tracked the development of a 470 teens regularly measuring cognitive vulnerability and found that it predicted depression which is what becks had proposed that makes a person more prone to developing depression for example negative triad or negative self schema which shows there is a association between cognitive vulnerability and depression which beck highlight supporting his theory.

Question 52

What is another strength of Becks negative triad?

Answer 52

P- Another strength of beck model; of depression is that it has RWA E- this is because the study above concluded that assessing cognitive vulnerability to helps psychologists to screen young people that are most vulnerable to developing depression. E- This can also be applied in CBT where they help alter the cognitions that make people vulnerable to depression which an make them more resistant to having negative thoughts in life events. L- strength because it means it can be applied to clinical practices in treating depression

Question 53

What is one strenght of Ellis abc MODEL?

Answer 53

P)- one strength of elleic ABC model is that is had RWA E)- ellics approach to cognitive therapy is called REBT-rational emotive behavioral therapy. which involves vigoursly arguing with the depressed person, they can change or later the irrational beliefs that make them unhappy. E) evidence fro this comes from a researcher who concluded that REBT can change both negative beliufs and relive symptoms of depression. L)- meaning ellics ABC model had practical value in the real world.

Question 54

What is a limitation of ellicABC model?

Answer 54

P) one strength of ellics abc model is that it only explain reactive depression and not endogenous. this is because elleic describe srecative depression which occur staright after a activating event triggereing the depression however often its is hard to trace back when the activating event happend in a person life and may not be obvious what causes the person to beocme depressed at a particular time- which is endogenous depression which ellis doesnt explain meaning itds a limaition becasue he can only explain some cases of depression so only a partial explanation

Question 55

How does congtive apporach aim to trearm depression?

Answer 55

through CBT- there is a congitve element to it in which the therapist tries to identify the negative thoughts of the client and clarify them through creating goals to achieve and behavioural element which tried to chnage the behaviour of the depressed person by ways of repsonding to a situuation and idenfy which of their irratonal thouhts are causing that behaviour

Question 56

Decribe becks CBT and his aim?

Answer 56

beck aim ot identify the negative thiughts about the world self and future by reality testing their negative thiughts this is done by the cleint given homework to record anything nice that has hapoend to them that contradicted their negative belief.-client as scientist which then the client an be shwon when they try to make a negtave conepct up about thelmselves or the world.

Question 57

Describe REBT?

Answer 57

REBT extend the ABC model to ABCDE in which D stands for dispute and E for effect aim is to agure with theirratioal thoughts and try change them BY breaking the link between negative life events and depression

Question 58

what are the two ways of argueing in REBT?

Answer 58

emperical argument- dispute based on if there actual evidince to support the belief or thought-so like is there evidience logicial argument-is it catually follows from the facts or reality

Question 59

What is the MAIN aim of both therapies?

Answer 59

main aim- is behavioural activation which is to gradually decrease the avoidance or isolation and encourage them to join in activites that impact their mood (positively)

Question 60

What is one strength of CBT as treatemtn for depression?

Answer 60

P-evidiece for its effectviness E from study that comapred CBT anitfepressane drug and bith combine ad nfoun in 327 teens and found that when the CBT prduced a symtos reduction in 81% same as with drugs but when combined it had a effetciveness of 86%. L-

Question 61

What is one limitation of CBT?

Answer 61

one limiation fro CBT is that it may nit be very suitable for all patients. This is becasue pateitns who have severed depression sometimes may not be motiavted to engage with the cognitive work of CBT or even bother to attent the session (due to their low mood) It also may not be suitable for disabled pateints becasue it requires complex rational thinking A reseaecger said that in genereal any type of talking therpay is not suitable for people with learning disablities-CBT. suggesting it may nonly be treatment for people with a specific depression

Question 62

What is Another limiation of CBT?

Answer 62

One limaition of BCT is that it may have high relapse rates although CBT might be effective in tackling ytoms of depression its benefits may not last a long time. Evidinece comes from a researcher who assessed 400 clients over 12 months who were involved in CBT and found that within just 6 months under half of them relapesed into depression and after 12 months, just over a half relapsed. meaning that CBT need sto be repeated periodically whihc may make it less effective.

Question 63

Descibe the biological approach to OCD? what researcher supports this?

Answer 63

OCD is said to be inherted in that it is the gentic vulnerability that makes the person more likely to develop OCD. a researcher also found that of his OCD patients most of them had parents with OCD or siblings with OCD,suggesting that it runs in families. The diathesis stress model aims to explain OCD in terms of genetic vulenrblty the diathesis and enviromental stressor that triggers OCD-stress

Question 64

What are candidate genes?

Answer 64

Candidate genes are genes that create the genetic vulerablty of a person developing OCD. and some of these genes are involved in regulating the dvelopiemtn of seratonin system. such as the SERT-seratonin trapsoetr gene which invloved in transport of seratonin in synapses.

Question 65

Why is OCD described a polygenic? reseach based on this?

Answer 65

OCD is not casued by a single gene but a cobinattion of genes/genetic variations that increase vulnrability. Areseacher found that upto 230 different genes maybe invlved in OCD- which regulate the action of dopamine and serattonin which both have a role in regulting mood. dopamine- high leading to increasd pleasure when repeating that bheavoiour seratonin- low so thoughts becomive obssesive and implusive.

Question 66

How do different types of OCD occur?

Answer 66

one group of genes may cause OCD in one perosn but a different group of genes may cause a different type of OCD. aetiologically heterogeneos

Question 67

Describe the role of seratonin in neural explantion of OCD?

Answer 67

the role of seratonin is to regulate mood.which is a neurontrasnmitter that helps neurons relay infromation from one neurone to the other. so if they have low levels of seratoin then mood relevant infromation does not pass from one neurone o the other which may cause them to have a low mood all the time.

Question 68

What is the role of decsion making systems in neural explanations? and which parts are involved ?

Answer 68

in some cases of OCD it may invlove an imapaired decision making system. this is becasue of the abnornal functioning in the lateral side od the fronta lob responsible for logicalthinking and making decsions the left parahippoxampu gyris is also assocaited with porcessesing unpleasnt emotions that may result in OCD if abnormally funtioing.

Question 69

What is one strength of genetic explnation of OCD?

Answer 69

one strength of egentic explantion is that there reeseach to support this Evideinec comes from twin studies that showed that 68% of twins who share 100% of theri DNA share OCD opposed to 31% of DZ twins. also other evince suggest that if simeine has OCD in the famiy then the family member is 4x more likley to be diagnosed wuth OCD related to that person compared someone who isnt related to them. suggestingthat some people are vulnrable to OCD becasue of their genes. suggesting the gnetic influnecs on the developemnt of OCD.

Question 70

What is one limiation of genetic explantion of OCD?

Answer 70

One - of genteic explantion to OCD is that envriemtnal factors play a role too in the development of OCD. evidince for this comes from a researcher who found that over a half of her clients who had OCD had expereinced a traumatic experience the pastand was more severe depending on the severity of the trauma. Suggesting that envromentl factors such as trauma can increase the risk or trigger the developemtn of OCD. Means the gnetic epxlantion only provides a partial explantio to OCD.

Question 71

What is one strength of neural explantion for OCD?

Answer 71

P- one + of nerual explantion for OCD is that there is research spport. E- this comes from antidepressants that is effective in reduciing OCD symptoms -by 70% compared to placebo group, which shows seratonin has a role in the symptoms of OCD. E- But also a disorder knows as parkinsons disease also has similair symtpoms of OCD, (that is biologically determined) therefor if a biolgical disorder produced OCD symptoms then we can infer that biolgical processes also underline OCD. L- suggesting tthat biolgical factors can be resonsile for OCD, such as the seratonin system.

Question 72

What is one limiation of neural explantion to OCD?

Answer 72

One - of NR explantio to OCD is that there is no unique neural system. this is becasue many people with OCD also have depression which is known as co morbidty and depression also involves some abnromal functiing of the seratonin system, which means that serattonin actovty maybe dirusputed in many people with OCD becasue of their depression. menas that sertaonin may not be related to OCD linked symptoms. A PROBLEM OF correlation and causatin.

Question 73

How does the BA approach aim to treat OCD?

Answer 73

drug therapy is used to incraese or dcrease levels of seratonin in the brain-becasue low levels of seratonin are associated with OCD symptoms then drugs will be needed to increase its elevls.

Question 74

Explain how SSRI work on the

Answer 74

SSRI are selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors classified into antidepressants. work on the neurons that are resposible for releasing seratonin that travel across the synpase. where it bind to receptor sits on the post stynaptic neurone and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neurone to be broken down and re used when all isnt absorbed. SSRIS bind to these sites of the pre synatic neurone so that more seratonin is available in the synapse for the post synaptic neurone to uptake, so makes it less likley to fire so regulates impluse control-obssesive thoughts and reduce the anxiety

Question 75

What is an example of a SSRI?

Answer 75

fluoxetine dose of drus is given in 20mg can be taken in capsule or liquid fromand need to betakes for 3/4 month to see symtoms

Question 76

How can SSRIS be combined with other treatments?

Answer 76

SSRI drug tackle the emtional sysmptoms of OCD such as anxiety or depression and so CBT can be used to tackle behavioural aspect of OCD such as obssessve thoughts so using combo of CBT and SSRI drug can encourage the perosn with OCD to engage with CBT.

Question 77

What are some alternatives to SSRI-s? why might they be used? how each of them work?

Answer 77

tricyclics and SNRI they are used when fleuroxetine arent showing an improvemtn of symptoms after 3/4 months or can be combined with them. TRICYCICS work by blocking the transporter system invilved int he reuptake or seratonin and noradrenaline so increases their aborption- but has more serious side effects.

Question 78

How do SNRIs work? on OCD

Answer 78

seratonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors- different class of anitdepressants that are more recent treatment. increase levels of seratonin and noradenlaine and are given to people who dont respond to SSRI-s

Question 79

What is one strength fro SSRI in treatmnt of OCD?

Answer 79

one strength of SSRISis that there is eviidnece fro its effectivness. This comes from a reseacher who reviewed 17 studies that compared SSRIS with placebos in treating OCD and found significant reduction in symptoms of OCD by 70% and the remaining 30% could be helped with combing drug and talking therapies. so this shows that SSRI can reduce symptoms severity and improve the quality of life for people with OCD. Therefore SSRI are actually shown to be highly effective.

Question 80

What is another strength of SSRI as a treatemtn for OCD?

Answer 80

P-another strengh of SSRIS is that they are cost effectiv and non disruptive. E- this is because the drug treatemtn can be chesper compared to psychological therapy sessions becasue thousands of tablets can be produced in the time it takes for a session of talking therapy. So it is also good value for the NHS system even if on limited funds. E-And it its described as non dirusptive becasue you just have to take the durg for symtoms to decline rather than scheduling a time for therapy sessions. L- this means that drugs can be widely used by everyone and their doctors around countries that maybe less economically dveleoped.

Question 81

What is a a limitation of SSRI for treatment of OCD?

Answer 81

P- one - of ssris for OCD is its rous side effects. E- this comes from many patients who take SSRis often experinece side effects such as blurred vision idegestion or loss of sex drive, which maybe temporray but distressing for many people. E- an example of this is TRICYCLICS, where symptoms might be more serious such as some may have problems with wieght gain ,aggressive or even erection problmes. L- this means that some people will have a reduced quality of life when taking SSRIS which may prevent them from taking these drugs.