RM YR2

Question 1

What is a case study?

Answer 1

A case study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or group.

Question 2

What type of data is collected in case studies?

Answer 2

Usually some qualitative data is gained using in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and observations.

Question 3

What is one strength of case studies?

Answer 3

They offer data that is rich in detail and can provide new insights into normal functioning.

Question 4

What is one limitation of using case studies?

Answer 4

Due to the small sample size, it is hard to generalize, and information may be affected by memory decay.

Question 5

What is content analysis?

Answer 5

Content analysis is a type of observational research that studies the indirect communication produced by individuals.

Question 6

What is the aim of content analysis?

Answer 6

To summarize and describe information systematically for easier conclusions.

Question 7

What is coding in content analysis?

Answer 7

Coding categorizes information into subsets by breaking down behavior into categories.

Question 8

What is thematic analysis?

Answer 8

The analysis of themes and their frequency in media or text.

Question 9

What is one strength of using content analysis?

Answer 9

It can circumvent ethical issues of gathering personal information since most documents are already published.

Question 10

Define the term validity.

Answer 10

Validity refers to the accuracy and legitimacy of results from a study or test.

Question 11

What is internal validity?

Answer 11

Internal validity is when the effects observed in an experiment are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 12

What could affect internal validity?

Answer 12

Demand characteristics can ruin validity by affecting the dependent variable.

Question 13

Define external validity.

Answer 13

External validity refers to whether study findings can be generalized to other settings, times, or people.

Question 14

What are the 3 types of validity?

Answer 14

Ecological, population, and temporal validity.

Question 15

What is ecological validity?

Answer 15

A type of external validity that refers to whether findings can be generalized to everyday life.

Question 16

When does an experiment have low ecological validity?

Answer 16

If the task used to measure the dependent variable is not like everyday life.

Question 17

Define temporal validity.

Answer 17

Temporal validity refers to whether findings can be held true over time.

Question 18

What are ways of assessing validity?

Answer 18

Face validity and concurrent validity are two ways to assess validity.

Question 19

What are ways of improving validity in an experiment?

Answer 19

A control group can be used to assess whether changes in the DV are due to the IV and not anything else.

Standardization procedures can minimize participant reactivity and investigator effects on the outcome.

Question 20

What is a double-blind trial?

Answer 20

Double-blind trials may be used to ensure participants aren’t responding to demand characteristics rather than the actual change in the IV.

Question 21

How can questionnaires be improved?

Answer 21

Incorporate a lie scale to assess the consistency of participants’ answers and control the effects of social desirability bias; anonymity can also be used.

Question 22

What are covert observations?

Answer 22

Covert observations ensure that behavior is most likely to be reliable because participants do not know they are being watched.

Question 23

What should be ensured in behavioral categories?

Answer 23

Make sure behavioral categories are not too broad and are correctly identified.

Question 24

What is interpretive validity in qualitative research?

Answer 24

Interpretive validity may be a problem where a researcher iterates their own answers for participants. This can be improved using direct quotes and triangulation.

Question 25

What are the three things to look for when choosing a statistical test?

Answer 25

1. Whether a researcher is looking for a difference or a correlation between the IV and the DV. 2. The case of experimental design; whether independent or related design is being used. 3. The level of measurement being used such as ordinal, interval, and nominal data.

Question 26

What are related measures designs?

Answer 26

Related measures design includes repeated measures and matched pairs design as these are both related and go in a condition.

Question 27

What is an independent groups design?

Answer 27

An independent groups design is unrelated because it doesn't relate to related measures designs and is independent as the two groups go through different conditions.

Question 28

What is the mnemonic to remember statistical tests?

Answer 28

Carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potatoes. ## Footnote This relates to tests of difference and correlation, with unrelated and related tests categorized accordingly.

Question 29

What is nominal data?

Answer 29

Nominal data is discrete data based on categories, where there is either a yes or no answer, with no in-between option.

Question 30

What is ordinal data?

Answer 30

Ordinal data is ordered in some way and does not have equal intervals between each unit. It lacks precision because it's based on subjective opinion.

Question 31

What is interval data?

Answer 31

Interval data is based on numerical scales that are equal and precisely defined. It is an objective way of taking measurement.

Question 32

Why is a Type 1 error called a false positive?

Answer 32

A Type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, but it should have been the other way around because the null hypothesis was true.

Question 33

When do Type 1 errors mainly occur?

Answer 33

Type 1 errors occur when the significance level is too high, such as 0.1 or 10%, rather than 5%.

Question 34

What is a Type 2 error?

Answer 34

A Type 2 error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected, which is wrong because the test has given a false negative.

Question 35

When are Type 2 errors likely to occur?

Answer 35

Type 2 errors are likely to occur when the significance level is too low, such as 0.1 or 1%, meaning some significant values may be missed.

Question 36

What are the processes involved in psychological investigations?

Answer 36

The processes include abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and referencing. ## Footnote AIBMRDR (abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, referencing).

Question 37

What does the abstract usually consist of?

Answer 37

The abstract is a short summary that includes all major elements such as aims, hypothesis, method, procedure, and conclusions.

Question 38

What does the introduction include?

Answer 38

The introduction summarizes several studies leading to the aim and hypothesis of the research, with methods split into subsections.

Question 39

What does the results section include?

Answer 39

The results section summarizes the findings from the study and may include descriptive statistics such as tables, graphs, and charts.

Question 40

What should the discussion section include?

Answer 40

The discussion section should verbally explain results, discuss limitations, suggest future investigations, and explain wider implications.

Question 41

What is referencing?

Answer 41

Referencing involves citing any sources used, including details such as author, date, page number, and volume of the book.