Attitudes to women

Question 1

what were the two books that reflected gender attitudes in weimar

Answer 1

Der gute kamerad - focused on adventure, men presented as strong and brave
Das Kranzchen - womens work, presented as dutiful/loving/constant need of male protection

Question 2

what rights did the weimar constitution give to women

Answer 2

-equal political rights
-women could vote and stand in office
-equal opportunity in civil service appointments
-“equal pay”
-abortion and contraception still illegal

Question 3

how many women deputies in reichstag 1926

Answer 3

32 in 1926

Question 4

who was an influential feminist group in 1918-32

Answer 4

BDF - werent radical, members still thought women should have nurturing role so only campaigned for women to work as teachers/nurses

Question 5

how many members did BDF have in 1929

Answer 5

900,000, mostly middle class

Question 6

what did SPD and KPD think about women

Answer 6

-wanted to improve rights but also thought nurturing role
-They supported improving legal protection to women and improving maternity benefits

Question 7

what are examples of female communists

Answer 7

• Female communists Rosa Luxemburg, Ruth Fischer, Clara Zetkin, they only made a small part of KPD, KPD saw itself as a fighting organisation and fighting was only for the men

Question 8

what did right wing say about womens rights

Answer 8

“cultural decay”, threat to nation welfare

Question 9

what did the KDK campaign for

Answer 9

against forms of cultural decadence
-americanisation of german culture
-female emancipation
-birth control
-homosexuality

-wanted traditional values

Question 10

what proportion of DVP and DNVP votes were women

Answer 10

were conservative but 1/3 of their votes still women in 1924, they still supported women involvement in politics tho

Question 11

describe the new woman

Answer 11

• Very contraversial, had short hair (bubikopf) and more revealing clothes, acted more rebeliously and often smoked or went out at night on their own when at that time it wasn’t normal
  
  • They were economically independent and made their own money, werent interested in getting married
    In films were often portrayed as confident and chic, sometimes androgynous

Question 12

who was anita berber

Answer 12

a dancer and high profile new woman, known to use opium and cocaine

Question 13

what did conservatives think of new women

Answer 13

For conservatives they were concerning as they were adopting masculine ways of behaving, saw them as unsuited for motherhood, threatened male dominance

Question 14

what was the controversy around the 1929 pandoras box

Answer 14

1929 film Pandoras Box starred Louise Brooks presented as a seductress whose behaviour ruined herself an her friends

Question 15

what were some radical groups in weimar that campaigned sexual reform

Answer 15

World League of Sexual reform and the League for the Protection of Motherhood

Question 16

what did World League of Sexual reform and the League for the Protection of Motherhood advocate for

Answer 16

-sexual freedom, celebration of love inside and outside of marriage
-female sexual pleasure, some wanted to make schools of love to teach men
-marriage reform, made divorce more accessible
-easy access to contraception
-moral reform to encourage young people to reject the values of chastity and monogamy and encourage women to reject or accept motherhood themselves

Question 17

who were some leading reformers in weimar

Answer 17

• Leading reformers included feminists Helene Stocker, Marianne Weber(chair of BDF) , Emile Hollein (member of KPD)
  They used their power in Reichstag to help gain equality for unmarried mothers and married mothers

Question 18

how many sex workers in liepzig in 1918

Answer 18

3000

Question 19

when was sex work decriminalised

Answer 19

1927 - remaining brothels abolished

Question 20

what was the bremen morality scandal

Answer 20

• The publication of Killed by Life (1926) , a book about a diary of a teen sex worker in Bremen, led to public outcry at the police handling of sex work
  
  • The book described how the male police intimidated mocked and humiliated women suspected of sex work
    This led to public demands that sex work should be handled by female social workers and not male police

Question 21

what were basic views of nazis on women

Answer 21

○ Women had important racial role in that they had the duty to bear the next generation of the ‘Aryan race’ so they published advice on ‘assortative mating’ so women could chose the right partner to ensure the best outcomes for the ‘race’
○ Women should fulfil their role of nurturing
○ Women had an important economic role. They did 80% of domestic shopping so their duty was to be responsible consumers. This included avoiding Jewish shops and refusing to buy products considered to be wasteful and selfish such as makeup
○ No political role. Some Nazis argued that letting women vote or become part of the Reichstag was as damaging as the Treaty of Versailles was. e
Expected to be beautiful, Nazis required women to be sexually attractive as they had a duty to keep having babies whilst cultivating a natural look

Question 22

what policies did nazis introduce to encourage birth rate

Answer 22

○ June 1933- interest-free loans of RM600 for young married women who left work
-Increasing family allowances
- Reduction of income tax relative to the number of children a woman had
-Families with 6 or more children paid no income tax
-Maternity benefits increased
-Anti-abortion laws were enforced
-Contraception was restricted
-Rewards for women
-Honour Cross of the German Mother (bronze, gold, silver) Dependent upon number of children
-Motherhood glorified by propaganda
-National Socialist Women’s Union established Mother Schools

Question 23

what was the law for the encouragement of marriage

Answer 23

july 1933 - proved RM1000 loan to all newly married couples, 1/4 of loan paid off after birth of a child

Question 24

why did hitler think men should marry “stupid women”

Answer 24

less likely to interfere with the husband’s life and work as they were unable to understand it

Question 25

why did himmler encourage men to marry women with reich sports medal

Answer 25

proved their physical and therefore racial fitness

Question 26

what did himmler do in 1936

Answer 26

decreed that SS officers could only marry women that completed a course at Reich Bride School

Question 27

what was the hitler maiden/ideal look for women

Answer 27

1. Women should be natural Ø Avoiding makeup, hair dye and eyebrow plucking etc. Ø Senior Nazis argued that ‘painted faces’ were unhealthy because they reflected a decadent ‘oriental’ way of behaving. 2. A Hitler Maiden should be natural in the sense she refused to drink or smoke. Ø Nazi ‘scientists’ claimed that it led to frigidity and infertility and therefore damaging to the race. 3. Hitler Maiden should dress in the ‘German style.’ Like Germanic hairstyles such as Gretchen braids ‘German Style’ 4. The Hitler Maiden should have a body that was physically suited to childbearing. -Nazis praised ‘voluptuous’ female bodies and were concerned about trends in 1920s fashion ht encouraged women to diet to achieve a ‘slim boyish figure’.

Question 28

what did goebbels say the german style war

Answer 28

- Anti-Jewish: German women should resist the impulse to buy wasteful products such as cosmetics, perfume and fashionable clothes, they thought these desires served Jewish business, not the German nation - Anti-French: German women should not try to imitate french ‘sophistication’, because he argued it was unnatural Anti-American: Goebbels argued that Hollywood promoted ‘American sexiness’ which was artificial and encouraged women to become man-murdering camps, rather than submissive wives.

Question 29

what services/cosmetics did nazis introduce

Answer 29

Ø Tanning parlours Ø Deodorant (for women who play sports called Sagrotan) Ø Hormone cream (helped women develop larger breasts according to advertising) Khasana Cosmetics: developed a range of ‘natural products’ and ‘discrete cosmetics’ designed to produce the ‘natural look’.

Question 30

what were nazi views on pornography

Answer 30

-forms of female nudity were natural and healthy. -‘The Black corps’ (official SS Officers’ magazine) often contained pictures of young naked women. - ‘Public life must be freed from the suffocating perfume of out modern eroticism.'

Question 31

what was the bureau for beauty

Answer 31

-Charts of ideal shapes for eyelashes, eyebrows and cheekbones -Advice on how to achieve perfect features through cosmetics -Advice on how to use hair products to heighten blondness.

Question 32

what was the reichstag fire decree

Answer 32

-abolished civil rights -immediate action against women suspected of sex work

Question 33

how many women arrested for sex work after the reichstag fire decree

Answer 33

More than 3,200 women were arrested within the first 2 motnhs in Hamburg alone

Question 34

how many women sent to SS camps due to sex work

Answer 34

1943 1600 women, 'extermination through work'

Question 35

what was swastika night

Answer 35

-by katherine Burdekin in 1937 - The book is set in a world where the Nazis dominate Europe. -In the dystopian future Burdekin imagines the Nazis have introduced strict sexual segregation: men dominate society whilst women are forced to live in degrading conditions -Her point is that Nazism is a wholly women-hating ideology and that in the long term women would have no role in Nazi society except to bear children

Question 36

what was the NSF

Answer 36

National socialist womens union -established 1931 to attract women support for nazi party -led by Schultz-Klink -argued that women should have no part in politics

Question 37

how many mother schools were there and how many members

Answer 37

1936 - 150 mother schools 670,000 attended in 1936 alone

Question 38

what schools were made for women before marriage

Answer 38

Reich bride schools

Question 39

what was part of the lebensborn programme

Answer 39

○ Providing female sexual partners for SS officers ○ Free maternity care in SS clinics and adoption services for pregnant ‘Aryan women’ who were unmarried and would have terminated pregnancy without the support of the SS ○ Free maternity care and privacy for mistresses of SS officers who became pregnant During WW2, SS officers were instructed to abduct children with ‘Aryan features’ from occupied territories. The abducted children were then ‘Aryanised’ by German foster parents

Question 40

when was lebensborn programme

Answer 40

1925 by Himmler

Question 41

how many lebensborn clinics

Answer 41

13

Question 42

by how much did women in workforce increase in WW1

Answer 42

rose from 1/3 to 1/2

Question 43

how many women in farm work

Answer 43

-Proportion of women involved in farm work increased from 55% in 1939 to 67% in 1944 -6 mill worker regularly, another 950,000 during harvest

Question 44

why did number of women working in industry fall

Answer 44

due to cutbacks in ‘non-essential’ industries eg. Textile factories

Question 45

what shows that nazis still wanted nurturing roles for women despite being forced to make them work

Answer 45

-pay incentives for them to work -breastfeeding breaks -no nightshifts as interferes with domestic role

Question 46

what was nazi propaganda towards women during WW2

Answer 46

· Nazi propaganda targeted women with strong message of wartime role -During war, biographies of heroic German women were published -Message was that women shouldn’t seek to engage in military service

Question 47

what roles did women do during WW2

Answer 47

-Air raid wardens protected community -Women involved in emergency work in later stages of war -Nazi women’s groups mobilised women in areas that had been bombed

Question 48

why did himmler send unfaithful women to concentration camps

Answer 48

o Himmler realised soldiers’ morale dropped when they believed their wives were being unfaithful In 1940 he issued orders stating that women known to be unfaithful could be sent to concentration camps for at least a year

Question 49

by how much did divorce increase in 1960-90

Answer 49

49,000 - 123,000

Question 50

what law passed in 1977 to do with divorce

Answer 50

-no-guilt divorce law was passed that granted divorcees for marriages that had broken down irreconcilably -The partner who took a leading role in rearing the children should be paid alimony to help them establish an independent income and not be disadvantaged by having to give up career for family.

Question 51

what article of basic law criminalised abortion

Answer 51

article 218 of 1949 basic law

Question 52

how many abortions took place yearly

Answer 52

Feminist groups estimate that by 1971 as many as 1 million took place yearly, many in unsanitary conditions with an unknown number of deaths and injuries

Question 53

who introduced abortion law 1971

Answer 53

SPD and Brandt -Would have legalised abortion within the first 3 months of pregnancy with doctor permission, Federal constitutional court declared it illegal. -It was replaced in 1976 by an indication law which allowed abortion the first 12 weeks of pregnancy based on ‘social indicators’

Question 54

what did basic law say about women and was it true

Answer 54

1949 stated everyone equal -hwoever no substance to this until 80s -still favoured male dominated family structures -gender pay gap

Question 55

what organisation gave more opportunities to women

Answer 55

1980s national office for womens affairs set up to promote greater opportunities for women

Question 56

what percentage of bundestag representatives were women and how much did it increase

Answer 56

1972 - 5.8% of the Bundestag representatives were women 1987 - 15.4% of the Bundestag was women

Question 57

What parties still favour male domination

Answer 57

* CDU/CSU favoured male-dominated business interests while SPD gained support by male-dominated workers’ trades unions and organisations

Question 58

by when did women finally start getting more widespread opportunities and why

Answer 58

1980s - Feminists pressurised Green Party to included abortion reform as a key political commitment Resultantly, women’s rights were brought to the fore with their help

Question 59

what are trummelfrauen

Answer 59

rubble women - helped rebuild after war

Question 60

by how much did women in employment increase after war in econpmic miracle

Answer 60

44% in 1950 to 50% in 1970

Question 61

how many support law legally banning mothers with children under 10 from working

Answer 61

1963 poll 59% male and female respondents wouldve supported a law legally banning mothers with children under age of ten from working

Question 62

what did budamer say about women

Answer 62

"today the women question is:how can the women be given back to the family?"

Question 63

what did wuermeling say in dec 1961

Answer 63

argued that mothers having to work was a "forced evil", the natural role of women were as a full time mother

Question 64

how many women in workforce worked in hospitals

Answer 64

75%

Question 65

how many women worked as physicians

Answer 65

4%

Question 66

how many worked as school principals

Answer 66

less than 20%

Question 67

by how much was the gender pay gap

Answer 67

Equal pay considered a myth, 1970s women earned 65-78% of male salaries even with same job

Question 68

who addressed unequality

Answer 68

1980 equality officers appointed within provision of the National Office for Womens affairs, issues of unequal treatment were addressed

Question 69

In what year did the SPD government pass the Indication law, which allowed abortion only in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy?

Answer 69

1976

Question 70

In what year did the SPD government amend the Marriage and Family Law to give women equal rights in marriage and introduce a no-fault divorce law?

Answer 70

1977

Question 71

4.In what year was the National Organisation for Women's Affairs set up to promote greater opportunities for women?

Answer 71

1980