Audition

Question 1

audition

Answer 1

the sense that allows us to hear

Question 2

sound wave

Answer 2

alternating areas of high and low pressure that require a medium, such as air, to travel through

Question 3

frequency

Answer 3

the characteristic of a sound wave that describes how often the waves repeat

Question 4

hair cell

Answer 4

receptor found in the cochlea that allows for the perception of sound

Question 5

hair bundle

Answer 5

a collection of filaments at the top of a hair cell

Question 6

kinocilium

Answer 6

singular filament in the hair bundle of a hair cell

Question 7

tip link of a hair cell

Answer 7

the small filaments that connect the kinocilium of the hair cells to each other and pull open potassium channels when stretched

Question 8

spiral ganglion cell

Answer 8

the type of cell that receives a signal from a hair cell and transmits it towards the brain

Question 9

outer ear

Answer 9

the part of the ear that can be seen from the outside (contains the pinna, external auditory meatus)

Question 10

pinna

Answer 10

structure of the outer ear that is cartilaginous and funnels sound in

Question 11

auditory canal (external auditory meatus)

Answer 11

tube that connects the pinna to the tympanic membrane

Question 12

middle ear

Answer 12

contains three bones (malleus, incus, stapes) as well as the tympanic membrane

Question 13

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Answer 13

membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound

Question 14

malleus

Answer 14

the first bone of the middle ear that connects the tympanic membrane and incus to help transmit vibrations

Question 15

incus

Answer 15

second bone of the middle ear that connects the malleus to the stapes to help transmit vibrations

Question 16

stapes

Answer 16

the last bone of the middle ear that connects the incus to the oval window to help transmit vibrations

Question 17

inner ear

Answer 17

deepest part of the ear which contains the cochlea and semicircular canals

Question 18

oval (elliptical) window

Answer 18

membrane in the inner ear which vibrates in response to the movement of the stapes in order to transmit sound into the cochlea

Question 19

cochlea

Answer 19

spiral shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the sensory receptors for sound

Question 20

organ of Corti

Answer 20

structure inside of the cochlea that contains hair cells and supporting cells

Question 21

basilar membrane

Answer 21

membrane in the cochlea with varying sensitivity to vibration that allows hair cells at different locations on it to detect different frequencies of sound

Question 22

tectorial membrane

Answer 22

membrane inside the cochlea that interacts with the kinocilium of the hair cells

Question 23

apex of the cochlea

Answer 23

part of the cochlea that responds to lower frequency sounds

Question 24

base of the cochlea

Answer 24

part of the cochlea that responds to higher frequency sounds

Question 25

circular (round) window

Answer 25

membrane in the inner ear that vibrates in response to the movement of fluid in the cochlea

Question 26

auditory processing

Answer 26

the way the brain distinguishes and perceives sounds of different frequencies

Question 27

basilar tuning

Answer 27

idea that different portions of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound, allowing the brain to distinguish between them

Question 28

tonotopical mapping

Answer 28

idea that hair cells closer to the base of the cochlea respond to high frequency sounds and the hair cells closer to the apex respond to lower frequency sounds

Question 29

primary auditory cortex

Answer 29

region of the brain that receives the information from the cochlea different portions of this region respond to different frequencies of sound

Question 30

auditory nerve

Answer 30

cranial nerve that contains the axons of hair cells and carries signals to the primary auditory cortex

Question 31

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 31

deafness that results from the inability to transduce sound waves into neural impulses

Question 32

cochlear implants

Answer 32

surgically placed device fro treating sensorineural hearing loss

Question 33

receiver of a cochlear implant

Answer 33

sent a signal from the transmitter

Question 34

transmitter of a cochlear implant

Answer 34

part of the cochlear implant that receives electrical impulses from the speech processor and sends them to the receiver

Question 35

stimulator of a cochlear implant

Answer 35

tube in a cochlear implant that contains the microphone to take up sound and covert it to an electrical impulse

Question 36

somatosensation

Answer 36

method by which the body senses touch and positioning

Question 37

thermoception

Answer 37

sense that is responsible for the perception of temperature

Question 38

TrpV1

Answer 38

receptor that is sensitive to both pain and temperature because it senses chemicals released by broken cells

Question 39

mechanoreception

Answer 39

sense that is responsible for the perception of pressure

Question 40

A-B fibers

Answer 40

large diameter fibers that carry nerve impulses from touch receptors towards the brain they are heavily covered in myelin and carry impulses the fastest

Question 41

nociception

Answer 41

sense that is responsible for the perception of pain

Question 42

A-D fibers

Answer 42

medium diameter fibers that carry nerve impulses from nociception and thermoception receptors towards the brain covered in some myelin and carry impulses at an intermediate rate

Question 43

C fibers

Answer 43

small diameter fibers that carry nerve impulses from nociceptive receptors towards the brain not covered in myelin and carry impulses the slowest

Question 44

proprioception

Answer 44

sense that is responsible for the perception of body positioning and balance, often unconsciously

Question 45

spindle receptor

Answer 45

senses contraction or stretch of muscles to help with sensing body positioning

Question 46

kinesthesia

Answer 46

sense that allows for the awareness of movement, often consciously

Question 47

non-adapting neuron

Answer 47

fires action potentials at a consistent rate in response to a constant stimulus

Question 48

slow-adaption neuron

Answer 48

very gradually decreases the frequency of action potentials in response to a constant stimulus

Question 49

fast-adapting neuron

Answer 49

only fires action potentials when a stimulus is first perceived and when the signal stops

Question 50

dermatomes

Answer 50

sections of the skin that are each innervated by a single specific spinal nerve

Question 51

somatosensory homunculus

Answer 51

representation of the body in the brain refers to the idea that information from a certain part of the body will be processed in a certain portion of the somatosensory cortex

Question 52

sensory adaptation

Answer 52

process by which the response to a stimulus is downregulated

Question 53

sensory amplification

Answer 53

process by which the response to a stimulus is upregulated