The Self

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

the way in which a person perceives or thinks about themselves

Question 2

existential self

Answer 2

part of the self-concept that gives a sense of being consistent and unique from others

Question 3

categorical self

Answer 3

part of the self-concept that gives a sense of one’s own qualities in relationship to others

Question 4

humanistic psychology

Answer 4

approach to studying thoughts and behavior
originally proposed by Carl Rogers
focuses on free will and the drive for self-actualization
based on the idea that all people are good and driven by the conscious desire to improve

Question 5

self-image

Answer 5

the view an individual has of themselves

Question 6

self-esteem

Answer 6

sense of respect that one holds for themselves

Question 7

ideal self

Answer 7

person or set of qualities that an individual strives to become

Question 8

social identity theory

Answer 8

idea of explaining self-concept that describes how a person views themselves personally and socially

Question 9

personal identity

Answer 9

part of the self-concept that describes a person’s unique inner qualities

Question 10

social identity

Answer 10

part of the self-concept that describes a person’s relationship with others, the groups they are a part of, and their role in the community

Question 11

categorization

Answer 11

natural tendency of individuals to group others based on their physical and personality characteristics

Question 12

identification

Answer 12

tendency of an individual to behave in a way that fits the category they have put themselves in
can influence a person’s actions and self esteem

Question 13

social comparison

Answer 13

the natural tendency to evaluate oneself or one’s groups in relation to others and other groups
often influences self-esteem

Question 14

self-efficacy

Answer 14

sense of confidence in one’s capabilities and ability to succeed in a given situation
having a high level of this results in strong interests, commitment and resilience

Question 15

mastery of experience

Answer 15

the way in which practice and successful completion of a task in the past influences self-efficacy

Question 16

social modeling

Answer 16

learning mechanism that involves observing the actions of others
this can contribute to self-efficacy when another person of equal capabilities is observed successfully completing a task

Question 17

social persuasion

Answer 17

verbal encouragement or discouragement that affects self-efficacy

Question 18

social influence

Answer 18

the way in which interactions with others affects an individual’s thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

Question 19

imitation

Answer 19

form of social behavior that involves copying the behavior of others
requires knowledge of the separation of the self and others
can be exhibited only 12-21 days after birth

Question 20

mirror neurons

Answer 20

specific cells in the brain that respond in the same way to others performing a task as they do in the individual actually performing a task

Question 21

roles

Answer 21

form of social behavior in which an individual alters their behavior based on the expectation that they have regarding that specific context and social norms

Question 22

social norms

Answer 22

standards for acceptable behavior in a certain situation around certain people
often unwritten and unstated, but based on the internalized moral guidelines of the group

Question 23

reference group

Answer 23

group that an individual refers to in evaluating themselves, or a group the individual aspires to be like, typically based on their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

Question 24

culture

Answer 24

shared beliefs, behaviors, and characteristics of a society

Question 25

socialization

Answer 25

the lifelong process of learning to interact with others and how to behave within social norms

Question 26

preparatory stage

Answer 26

the first step in social development according to George Herbert Mead children interact with others through imitation

Question 27

play stage

Answer 27

second step in social development according to Mead | children are focused on taking the perspectives of the others to engage in pretend play

Question 28

game stage

Answer 28

the last step in social development according to Mead a person learns to consider the attitudes and beliefs of the generalized other, not just the people closest to them individuals in this stage learn that people have multiple roles and often behave based on what society expects of them

Question 29

generalized other

Answer 29

personification of society's expectations | when someone tries to imagine what is expected of them, they take on this perspective

Question 30

me

Answer 30

part of a person's self-concept that is how they believe the generalized other sees them this is also known as the social self and is often seen as more passive than the self-concept of I

Question 31

I

Answer 31

part of the person's self concept that describes the person's response and thoughts about the social self often seen as more active than the self-concept of me

Question 32

George Herbert Mead

Answer 32

proposed three stages: preparatory stage, play stage, and game stage perspectives in terms of generalized other vs I/me where me is more passive and I is more active

Question 33

looking glass self

Answer 33

idea proposed by Charles Cooley describes how a person's self concept develops in terms of how they believe others think of them requires that the person thinks about how they appear to others, how they think others evaluate them, and a re-evaluation of themselves based on this

Question 34

social psychology

Answer 34

study of intrapersonal interactions, including individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior during these intractions

Question 35

situational approach to behavior

Answer 35

method of explaining actions that focuses on the impact of the environment and external factors on these actions

Question 36

attribution

Answer 36

inference about the causes of events or behaviors

Question 37

attribution theory

Answer 37

idea that people tend to explain their behavior and the behavior of others in terms of the perceived causes of the behavior involves deciding if a behavior had external influences, internal influences, or both

Question 38

external (situational) attribution

Answer 38

explanation of the causes of a person's behavior that focuses on the influence of the current environment involves evaluating a behavior as distinctive from behavior in other situations and as similar to how others behave in that situation

Question 39

internal (dispositional) attribution

Answer 39

explanation of the causes of a person's behavior that focuses on the influence of personality or intrinsic factors involves evaluating a behavior as consistent across situations within an individual

Question 40

covariation model

Answer 40

idea that consistency, distinctiveness and consensus play a role in attributions of behavior the more consistent a behavior is performed by an individual in a variety of environments, the more likely it is to be assumed to have an internal attribution; the more consensus there is regarding a behavior in a certain environment, the more likely it is to be assumed as having external attribution

Question 41

fundamental attribution error

Answer 41

the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors on another person's behavior tends to be higher in individualist societies

Question 42

actor-observer bias

Answer 42

tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors on another person's behavior and external factors on one's own behavior, especially regarding to failures

Question 43

individualist cultures

Answer 43

societies that place a large influence on the achievements and needs of singular people rather than on the group as a whole this includes many societies in North America and Europe societies with this ideology tend to overestimate the influence of internal factors on success and external factors on failure

Question 44

collectivist cultures

Answer 44

societies that place a large influence on the achievements and needs of the group over the individual includes many societies in Asia and Africa societies with this ideology tend to overestimate the influence of external factors on success and internal factors on failure

Question 45

self-serving bias

Answer 45

tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors on success and external factors on failure in order to protect one's self esteem more prevalent in individualist cultures

Question 46

impression management

Answer 46

way in which people alter their behavior in order to influence the perceptions of other people around them

Question 47

dramaturgy

Answer 47

process through which people attempt to control others' perceptions of them

Question 48

dramaturgical approach

Answer 48

theory proposed by Erving Goffman that describes how people manage the impressions they make on others often compared to actors in a performance setting

Question 49

front stage

Answer 49

actions and behaviors that are visible to others

Question 50

back stage

Answer 50

private actions and behaviors that are not visible to others and often allow a person to be ready for their interactions with others