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MCAT Psych/Soc > Mental Disorders Part I > Flashcards

Mental Disorders Part I Flashcards

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1
Q

mental disorder

A

condition that affects thought patterns, moods, or behaviors and leads to distress or impaired functioning

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2
Q

biomedical approach to mental disorders

A

way of studying and treating conditions of the mind that focuses on physical abnormalities and causes

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3
Q

biopsychosocial approach to medical disorders

A

way of studying and treating conditions of the mind that examines physical, physiological, and social/cultural factors

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4
Q

IDC-10

A

International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision

system of classifying and describing mental disorders produced by the World Health Organization

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5
Q

DSM 5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition
method of classifying and describing mental disorders produced by the American Psychiatric Association
started differentiating between disorders based on neurobiological causes rather than just symptoms

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6
Q

top level category

A

largest classifications in the DSM 5, based on shared clinical symptoms and neurobiological causes

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7
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that result from an abnormally developed nervous system
usually present from birth
eg intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit disorders

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8
Q

schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

top level category in the dsm 5
mental disorders characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms

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9
Q

schizophrenia

A

mental disorder caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors as well as high levels of dopamine
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, isolations, and flat affect

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10
Q

delusion

A

fixed belief that cannot be changed through logic and cannot be reasonably explained

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11
Q

hallucinations

A

imagined sensations or perceptions that seem real but occur without the appropriate expected stimuli for the perception

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12
Q

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

effects of psychosis that result in abnormal thought patterns
examples include disorganized thinking, inability to plan, or memory dysfunction

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13
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

effects of psychosis that result in a decrease from normal function or mood
examples include anhedonia or lack of motivation

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14
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

effects of psychosis that result in increased sensation

hallucinations and delusions are examples

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15
Q

prodrome

A

period of time before the onset of schizophrenia when some symptoms such as delusions, paranoia, or abnormal behaviors are present

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16
Q

biological basis of schizophrenia

A

abnormalities in the brains of people with schizophrenia including larger ventricles, reduced amount of brain tissue, thinner cortex (especially in the frontal and temporal lobes), abnormal layering in the cortex, and elevated dopamine levels

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17
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

part of the brain where dopamine is synthesized and sent to other parts of the brain as part of the reward pathway (mesocorticolimbic pathway)
abnormalities in this area of the brain have been linked to schizophrenia and depression

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18
Q

bipolar and related disorders

A

top level category in the DSM 5

mental disorders that are characterized by abnormal and fluctuating moods

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19
Q

bipolar disorder

A

mental illness that is characterized by abnormal, extreme moods and fluctuation of mood

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20
Q

bipolar 1 disorder

A

mental illness characterized by periods of full manic states and depressive states

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21
Q

bipolar 2 disorder

A

mental illness that is characterized drastic fluctuations of mood, but without entering a full manic state

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22
Q

mania

A

period of abnormally elevated mood and affect, often marked by delusions, poor judgment, and difficulty maintaining attention

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23
Q

hypomania

A

period of abnormally elevated mood and affect that does not significantly impair function
this is not severe or threatening to the person’s safety

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24
Q

depressive disorders

A

top level category in the DSM 5

mental disorders that negatively affect mood and cause a decreased ability to feel pleasure

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25
mood
relatively long-lasting emotional state, usually characterized by one dominant emotion
26
affect
the way in which a mood or emotional state is displayed to others
27
depression
pervasive disorder characterized by long-term low mood, lack of energy, decreased focus, thoughts of helplessness and low self-esteem sleep and weight are commonly affected
28
biological factors of depression
set of innate factors that can contribute to the onset of depression, including a genetic predisposition, decreased neuronal activity in the reward system and prefrontal cortex, lowered levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, and increased levels of stress hormones
29
5HTTLP
gene associated with depression | but only appears to be correlated with depression if the people with this gene are in stressful environments
30
limbic system
network in the brain situated on top of the brain stem heavily involved in the processing of emotions, behavior, and long-term memory abnormally high levels of activity in this area of the brain have been linked to depression
31
raphe nuclei
grouping of cell bodies in the brainstem that produce serotonin and send projections to many parts of the cerebrum abnormalities of this area of the brainstem have been linked to depression
32
locus coeruleus
grouping of cell bodies in the brainstem that produce norepinephrine and send projections to many parts of the cerebrum abnormalities of this area of the brainstem have been linked to depression
33
neuroplasticity
ability of neuronal connections to change in number or strength over time based on their usage abnormalities in this function might be linked to depression
34
abnormalities in these might be linked to depression
limbic system raphe nuclei locus coeruleus neuroplasticity
35
psychological factors of depression
ways of thinking that may contribute to depression | includes learned helplessness, ruminating on negative thoughts, and pessimistic attributional style
36
learned helplessness
lost ability to identify stressors and pursue coping mechanisms, due to repeated inability to cope with stressors adequately
37
pessimistic attributional style
way of explaining events that occur in the most negative way possible this method looks at negative events as internally caused, stable, and global, and looks at positive events in the opposite manner
38
sociocultural factors of depression
ways in which the environment plays a role in depression these explain why someone is more likely to be depressed if those around them are depressed, if they are of low socioeconomic status, or if they are socially isolated
39
co-rumination
repeated discussion of, or fixation on, negative events between peers this behavior may explain the increased likelihood of depression in people around depressed people
40
anxiety disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders that are characterized by excessive worrying or fear eg phobias and generalized anxiety disorder
41
generalized anxiety disorder
mental disorder that causes a constant state of excessive worrying or tenseness that lasts for six months or more affects women more than men
42
panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, relatively short periods of intense fear that are associated with shortness of breath and increased blood pressure
43
phobias
type of anxiety disorder characterized by irrational, excessive fear of a specific object or situation
44
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by irrational, excessive fear of a specific object or situation
45
obsessions
repeated, unwanted thoughts
46
compulsions
actions that a person feels they must complete over and over, often related to an obsession
47
trauma and stressor related disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders that result from mentally distressing experiences eg PTSD
48
post traumatic stress disorder
mental disorder caused by a distressing experience that has a lingering memory, affecting daily life recurring nightmares, insomnia, or haunting memories are common
49
dissociative disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by loss of memory or knowledge of identity
50
somatic symptom disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders characterized by a person experiencing one or more physical ailments that may not have a clear biological cause
51
feeding and eating disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders that are characterized by a maladaptive relationship with food eg anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
52
elimination disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by an inability to control urination or the elimination of feces
53
sleep-wake disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders that are characterized by altered circadian rhythm and sleep patterns eg insomnia, apneas, and sleep walking
54
sexual dysfunctions
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by abnormalities or inabilities in performing sexual acts
55
gender dysphoria
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by distress caused by the feeling that the wrong gender was assigned at birth
56
disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are characterized by excessive anger or aggression
57
substance use and addictive disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that are the result of drug use
58
neurocognitive disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders characterized by degeneration of the brain eg dementia or delirium
59
personality disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 mental disorders that are characterized by rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior three clusters of disorders in this group
60
paraphilic disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders characterized by distress due to sexual arousal in abnormal contexts
61
other disorders
top level category in the DSM 5 | mental disorders that don't fit in any other category
62
20 top level categories in the DSM 5
``` neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders bipolar and related disorders depressive disorders anxiety disorders OCD and related disorders trauma and stressor related disorders dissociative disorders somatic symptom disorders feeding and eating disorders elimination disorders sleep-wake disorders sexual dysfunctions gender dysphoria disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders substance use and addictive disorders neurocognitive disorders personality disorders paraphilic disorders other disorders ```

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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