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MCAT Psych/Soc > Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

olfaction

A

the sense of smell

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2
Q

pheromone

A

molecule used for chemical communication, mate attraction and flighting
released by one animal and causes an innate response in another when detected by the olfactory sense

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3
Q

nasal passage

A

the opening in the nose that allows for airflow

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4
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

specialized tissue in the nasal passage that contains olfactory sensory receptors and their supporting cells

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5
Q

cribriform plate

A

the bone that separates the olfactory epithelium from the olfactory bulb
it contains holes that allow axons of sensory molecules to pass through

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6
Q

olfactory bulb

A

part of the brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors and sends that information to other parts of the brain to be processed

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7
Q

glomerulus (olfaction)

A

location in the olfactory bulb where the axons of receptor cells sensitive to the same molecule synapse with mitral or tufted cells

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8
Q

mitral/tufted cells

A

types of cells located in the olfactory bulb that receive signals from olfactory receptors and pass them to a different part of the brain, likely the amygdala

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9
Q

amygdala

A

the part of the brain that is largely responsible for the processing of emotions, especially anger

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10
Q

G-protein coupled receptor

A

type of transmembrane receptor that activates an internal cascade response when its ligand is bound
type of receptor used in the olfactory system and gustatory system for sweet, umami, and bitter tastes

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11
Q

vomeronasal system

A

division of the olfactory sense that responds to pheromones
it consists of sensory receptors that send signals to glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb and causes hormonal responses

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12
Q

accessory olfactory epithelium

A

portion of the olfactory epithelium that is sensitive to pheromones and sends signals to the accessory olfactory bulb

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13
Q

basal cell in vomeronasal system

A

this type of receptor cell is found at the bottom of the accessory olfactory epithelium and is sensitive to specific pheromones
it sends axons to the accessory olfactory bulb

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14
Q

apical cell in vomeronasal system

A

this type of receptor cell is found at the top of the accessory olfactory epithelium and is sensitive to specific pheromones
it sends axons to the accessory olfactory bulb

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15
Q

accessory olfactory bulb

A

part of the olfactory bulb that receives signals from the accessory olfactory epithelium as a part of the vomeronasal system

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16
Q

gustation

A

the sensation of taste

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17
Q

five main tastes

A

main groups of compounds we can detect with the gustatory sense
bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and umami

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18
Q

umami

A

one of the five main tastes

ability to detect and taste glutamate

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19
Q

taste bud

A

group of cells on the tongue that are sensitive to each of the five main tastes
include filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

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20
Q

fungiform taste buds

A

a type of taste bud found mostly at the tip of the tongue

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21
Q

foliate taste buds

A

type of taste bud found mostly on the sides of the tongue

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22
Q

circumvallate taste buds

A

type of taste bud found mostly at the back of the tongue

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23
Q

gustatory cortex

A

part of the brain that receives signals from taste buds

it has separate sections for each of the five main tastes

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24
Q

labelled lines model

A

the idea that receptors in the gustatory system respond to only one of the five main tastes and that these signals remain separate when processed in the gustatory cortex

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25
ion channel
type of transmembrane receptor that allows the flow of ions when activated and opened by its ligand it is the type of receptor for sour and salty tastes
26
states of consciousness
varying levels of awareness
27
alertness
the state of being awake and aware of things going on
28
daydreaming
a state of consciousness that is less aware or focused on surroundings, happens naturally or through light meditation
29
drowsiness
a state of consciousness that is somewhat aware of surroundings but is nearly asleep, happens while falling asleep, waking up and through deep meditation
30
sleep
a state of consciousness that is completely unaware of the surroundings
31
electroencephalogram (EEG)
machine capable of measuring neural oscillations of the brain
32
neural oscillations
rhythmic patterns of firing, also known as brain waves
33
beta wave
high frequency brain wave associated with alertness and concentration
34
alpha wave
middle frequency brain wave associated with daydreaming and light meditation
35
theta wave
low frequency brain wave that is associated with the onset of sleep
36
delta wave
lowest frequency brain wave that is associated with deep sleep
37
non-rapid eye movement sleep
the three dreamless stages of sleep
38
N1
stage of sleep experienced when first falling asleep, characterized by theta waves
39
hypnagogic hallucinations
an imagined sensation during the first stage of sleep N1
40
hypnic jerks
falling sensation during the first stage of sleep N1 that causes sudden awakening
41
N2
stage of sleep characterized by more theta waves than the first stage as well as k-complexes and sleep spindles
42
k-complex
high amplitude brain wave in the second stage of sleep N2 that helps to keep the person asleep and helps with memory consolidation
43
sleep spindles
bursts of brain activity in the second stage of sleep N2 that help the person maintain a tranquil state
44
N3
the deepest stage of sleep, characterized by slow delta waves stage when sleepwalking and talking occur
45
rapid eye movement (REM sleep)
stage of sleep when dreaming occurs, muscles are paralyzed and eyes move quickly characterized by brain waves similar to being awake
46
circadian rhythms
natural physiological fluctuations that occur on a 24-hour cycle controlled endogenously and influenced by external light sources
47
Freud' theory of dreaming
the idea that dreams are unconscious thoughts or wishes
48
manifest content
the storyline or literal subject matter of a dream
49
latent content
the meaning and unconscious wishes that underlie the actions and events of dreams
50
activation-synthesis hypothesis
the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex trying to find meaning in the random firing of the brainstem that occurs during sleep
51
sleep deprivation
lack of sleep that can contribute to depression or obesity in the long-term
52
insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep for three or more days a week for at least 3 months
53
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by an inability to control when sleep occurs, excessive daytime drowsiness, and sleep attacks
54
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by repeated disruption of breathing while sleeping that causes the person to wake up and prevents slow wave sleep
55
obstructive sleep apnea
breathing is disrupted due to the physical blocking of airways
56
polysomnography
sleep study that records brain waves and is used to detect and diagnose sleep disorders
57
central sleep apnea
breathing is disrupted while sleeping due to malfunctions of the respiratory centers of the brain
58
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
abnormal pattern of rapid breathing followed by brief cessations of breathing that occurs during sleep example of central sleep apnea
59
sleep associated hypoventilation
abnormally slow breathing during sleep that results in low oxygen levels and a buildup of carbon dioxide
60
sleepwalking and sleeptalking
sleep disorders that occur during the N3 stage of sleep when the muscles are not paralyzed and the person can act out daytime activities
61
induced states of consciousness
deviation from normal levels of alertness due to hypnosis, meditation, or drugs
62
hypnosis
induced state of consciousness where people are more open to suggestion, characterized by alpha waves
63
meditation
induced state of consciousness in which people self-regulation attention, characterized by alpha waves and occasionally theta waves

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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