Audition and the body senses Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the role of the ossicles in the middle ear?
a. Amplifying sound as it moves from air to fluid in the cochlea
b. Equalizing pressure between the inner and outer ear
c. Protecting the inner ear from loud noises
d. Decomposing complex sounds into sine waves
Amplifying sound as it moves from air to fluid in the cochlea
Place coding of sound frequencies, as proposed by Helmholtz, is best supported for:
a. Low frequencies (<1000 Hz)
b. High frequencies (>4000 Hz)
c. Medium to high frequencies (>1000 Hz)
d. All frequencies equally
Medium to high frequencies (>1000 Hz)
The ear canal amplifies sound most effectively at which frequency range?
a. 1 kHz
b. 3 kHz
c. 5 kHz
d. 7 kHz
3 kHz
What function do the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles serve in the auditory system?
a. Amplify sound through the ossicles
b. Equalize pressure in the ear canal
c. Protect the ear by attenuating low-frequency sounds
d. Transmit sound waves directly to the cochlea
Protect the ear by attenuating low-frequency sounds
Which type of hair cell innervates the majority of auditory nerve fibers?
a. Inner hair cells
b. Outer hair cells
c. Vestibular hair cells
d. Basilar membrane cells
Inner hair cells
Rate coding of auditory signals is limited by:
a. The refractory period of neurons
b. The presence of the ossicles
c. The filtering effects of the pinna
d. The phase-locking principle
The refractory period of neurons
What role do outer hair cells play in the auditory system?
a. Generate the majority of auditory nerve signals
b. Act as amplifiers for sound waves
c. Detect interaural time differences
d. Filter high-frequency sounds
Act as amplifiers for sound waves
The tonotopic organization of the cochlea means that:
a. Sound intensity is encoded at the apex of the cochlea.
b. Specific frequencies are represented at specific locations on the basilar membrane.
c. Low-frequency sounds are exclusively encoded by outer hair cells.
d. The cochlea processes sound in a time-locked manner.
Specific frequencies are represented at specific locations on the basilar membrane.
Which auditory localization cue is processed in the medial superior olive?
a. Interaural time differences
b. Interaural intensity differences
c. Filtering effects of the pinna
d. Coincidence detection
Interaural time differences
What is the primary function of the head-related transfer function?
a. Amplify low-frequency sounds
b. Localize sounds within the cones of confusion
c. Distinguish between tonal and non-tonal sounds
d. Eliminate phase ambiguity
Localize sounds within the cones of confusion
Interaural intensity differences are most useful for localizing:
a. Low-frequency sounds
b. High-frequency sounds
c. Continuous sounds
d. Sounds with rapid intensity changes
High-frequency sounds
Which structure resolves ambiguity in sound localization caused by cones of confusion?
a. Basilar membrane
b. Medial superior olive
c. Pinna
d. Auditory nerve
Pinna
Which mechanoreceptor type is responsible for detecting fine texture?
a. SA1
b. SA2
c. FA1
d. FA2
SA1
In the somatosensory cortex, what does the sensory homunculus represent?
a. The order of sensory input from the spinal cord
b. The topographical map of touch sensitivity across the body
c. The integration of visual and tactile inputs
d. The plasticity of sensory neurons
The topographical map of touch sensitivity across the body
The FA2 mechanoreceptor type is sensitive to:
a. Fine texture
b. Object shape
c. Initial contact and high-frequency vibrations
d. Slow vibrations
Initial contact and high-frequency vibrations
Which somatosensory pathway transmits signals related to pain and temperature?
a. Dorsal column pathway
b. Spinothalamic tract
c. Medial lemniscus pathway
d. Corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
Which pathway is associated with touch and proprioception?
a. Spinothalamic tract
b. Dorsal column pathway
c. Medial lemniscus pathway
d. Corticospinal tract
Dorsal column pathway
The somatosensory areas S1 and S2:
a. Contain a single map for all sensory modalities.
b. Maintain partial segregation for input from different receptor types.
c. Are exclusively responsible for pain perception.
d. Encode only proprioceptive information.
Maintain partial segregation for input from different receptor types.
Muscle spindles provide information about:
a. Muscle stretch and limb position
b. Tendon tension and force exerted
c. Joint position and angular velocity
d. Pain caused by muscle damage
Muscle stretch and limb position
Patients with large-fiber sensory neuropathy, such as Ian Waterman, rely heavily on which sense for movement?
a. Vestibular feedback
b. Vision
c. Touch
d. Auditory feedback
Vision
Which brain area contains separate somatotopic maps for different types of somatosensory input?
a. Primary auditory cortex (A1)
b. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
c. Superior colliculus
d. Medial superior olive
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
Cortical plasticity in response to somatosensory changes was demonstrated by:
a. Merzenich et al. (1984)
b. Ghez et al. (1995)
c. Vallbo and Hagbarth (1968)
d. Stevens and Newman (1934)
Merzenich et al. (1984)
Phantom limb sensations provide evidence for:
a. Plasticity in the somatosensory cortex
b. Degeneration of mechanoreceptors
c. Loss of ascending somatosensory pathways
d. Failure of the dorsal column pathway
Plasticity in the somatosensory cortex
What does the two-point touch threshold test measure?
a. The intensity of pain sensations
b. The discrimination of fine textures
c. The sensitivity of different areas of the skin
d. The latency of somatosensory responses
The sensitivity of different areas of the skin
