History and methods Flashcards
(13 cards)
Which ancient philosopher believed the brain’s role was to cool the passions of the heart?
a. Hippocrates
b. Aristotle
c. Galen
d. Descartes
Aristotle
René Descartes proposed which concept about the mind-brain relationship?
a. The brain operates independently of the mind.
b. The mind and brain are separate, interacting through the pineal body.
c. Neural conduction occurs through electrical impulses.
d. The brain controls behavior via localized regions.
The mind and brain are separate, interacting through the pineal body
What is the primary benefit of experimental ablation in studying brain function?
a. High spatial resolution of brain activity
b. Inferring causal relationships between brain regions and behavior
c. Ethical flexibility for testing on humans
d. Tracking the exact electrical activity of single neurons
Inferring causal relationships between brain regions and behavior
Which modern anatomical method involves measuring water diffusion in tissues?
a. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
b. Functional MRI (fMRI)
c. Diffusion MRI
d. Electroencephalography (EEG)
Diffusion MRI
Why are animals often used in biological psychology research?
a. They provide higher spatial resolution for imaging.
b. Societal and ethical considerations allow procedures not permitted with humans.
c. Their brains are structurally identical to human brains.
d. Their behavioral diversity is greater than humans.
Societal and ethical considerations allow procedures not permitted with humans.
Which of the following is NOT a principle under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986?
a. Reduce the number of experiments.
b. Refine procedures to minimize harm.
c. Replace animal studies whenever possible.
d. Ensure all animals receive post-experiment rehabilitation.
Ensure all animals receive post-experiment rehabilitation.
Which method has the highest temporal resolution for recording brain activity?
a. Electroencephalography (EEG)
b. Functional MRI (fMRI)
c. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
d. Diffusion MRI
Electroencephalography (EEG)
What is the primary difference between EEG and MEG?
a. MEG records electrical activity, while EEG records magnetic activity.
b. MEG is less prone to interference from the skull or scalp.
c. EEG provides higher spatial resolution than MEG.
d. EEG uses radioactive markers, whereas MEG does not.
MEG is less prone to interference from the skull or scalp.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can create a “virtual lesion” by:
a. Permanently damaging neurons in targeted regions.
b. Activating axons selectively.
c. Temporarily disrupting neural activity in specific regions.
d. Injecting magnetic nanoparticles into the brain.
Temporarily disrupting neural activity in specific regions.
Which of the following is an advantage of optogenetic methods?
a. Non-invasive stimulation of the brain
b. Ability to target specific types of neurons
c. Measurement of real-time metabolic activity
d. Creation of lesions with precision
Ability to target specific types of neurons
What was a key limitation in the study of Phineas Gage’s brain injury?
a. Lack of changes in personality
b. Imprecise localization of the lesion
c. Overreliance on advanced imaging techniques
d. Limited functional recovery observed
Imprecise localization of the lesion
What is a double dissociation in neuropsychology?
a. Two patients exhibiting identical behavioral deficits
b. Damage to one brain area impairs one function, while another area affects a separate function
c. Complete recovery of one function while another remains impaired
d. Simultaneous impairment of two unrelated brain functions
Damage to one brain area impairs one function, while another area affects a separate function
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 emphasizes which three principles?
a. Refine, Repeat, Replace
b. Reduce, Refine, Replace
c. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
d. Refine, Reinvest, Replace
Reduce, Refine, Replace
