Mood disorders Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is the defining feature of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
A. Periods of extreme euphoria and hyperactivity
B. Persistent depressed mood lasting at least two weeks
C. Alternating periods of mania and depression
D. Lack of interest in all social activities for less than a week
Persistent depressed mood lasting at least two weeks
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is most commonly associated with mood disorders like depression?
A. Dopamine and serotonin
B. Acetylcholine and GABA
C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
D. Glutamate and glycine
Dopamine and serotonin
Bipolar Disorder is characterized by:
A. Alternating periods of depression and anxiety
B. Periods of depression followed by chronic fatigue
C. Cycles of manic episodes and depressive episodes
D. Persistent irritability and restlessness
Cycles of manic episodes and depressive episodes
Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode in Bipolar Disorder?
A. Excessive sleep and low energy.
B. Heightened irritability and inflated self-esteem
C. Withdrawal from social activities
D. Decreased motivation and concentration
Heightened irritability and inflated self-esteem
How is the 5-HTT gene linked to depression?
A. The 5-HTT gene codes for serotonin receptors in the brain, influencing the severity of depression.
B. Variations in the 5-HTT gene affect serotonin transport, with certain alleles increasing susceptibility to depression, especially after stressful life events.
C. The 5-HTT gene is responsible for dopamine regulation, which directly causes depressive symptoms.
D. The 5-HTT gene exclusively regulates the production of norepinephrine, impacting mood stability.
Variations in the 5-HTT gene affect serotonin transport, with certain alleles increasing susceptibility to depression, especially after stressful life events
What do twin studies suggest about the heritability of Bipolar Disorder?
A. Identical twins have the same risk of developing bipolar disorder as dizygotic twins.
B. Twin studies show no significant genetic influence on the development of bipolar disorder.
C. Bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component, with identical twins having a much higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins.
D. The heritability of bipolar disorder is primarily influenced by environmental factors, with little genetic involvement.
Bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component, with identical twins having a much higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins.
Which of the following structural brain changes is commonly associated with Bipolar Disorder?
A. Decreased volume of the insula and enlarged ventricles
B. Increased hippocampal size and reduced amygdala activity
C. Enlargement of the occipital lobe and increased white matter
D. Increased volume of the cerebellum and thickening of the corpus callosum
Decreased volume of the insula and enlarged ventricles
According to DSM-5, which symptom is NOT included in the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode?
a. Depressed mood
b. Racing thoughts
c. Fatigue
d. Feelings of worthlessness
Racing thoughts
What is the main difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorder?
a. Bipolar I requires hypomanic episodes, while Bipolar II requires full manic episodes.
b. Bipolar I requires full manic episodes, while Bipolar II requires hypomanic episodes.
c. Bipolar I is more common than Bipolar II.
d. Bipolar II does not include depressive episodes.
Bipolar I requires full manic episodes, while Bipolar II requires hypomanic episodes.
The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that depression is caused by:
a. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons
b. Insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons
c. Overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
d. Abnormal serotonin receptor density
Insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons
According to Caspi et al. (2003), which genetic variation is linked to increased susceptibility to depression following stressful life events?
a. Two short alleles (S/S) of the 5-HTT promoter region
b. One short allele and one long allele (S/L) of the 5-HTT promoter region
c. Two long alleles (L/L) of the 5-HTT promoter region
d. Any combination of short and long alleles
Two short alleles (S/S) of the 5-HTT promoter region
What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorder?
a. Adolescence
b. Early 20s
c. Mid-30s
d. Late 40s
Early 20s
Which treatment is considered first-line therapy for bipolar disorder?
a. SSRIs
b. Tricyclic antidepressants
c. Mood stabilizers like lithium
d. Benzodiazepines
Mood stabilizers like lithium
Which substance is associated with hypomania or mania during intoxication?
a. Alcohol
b. Cocaine
c. Heroin
d. Marijuana
Cocaine
What effect does chronic stress have on hippocampal neurogenesis?
a. It increases neurogenesis, enhancing memory formation.
b. It has no effect on neurogenesis.
c. It decreases neurogenesis, contributing to depression.
d. It solely affects the amygdala, not the hippocampus.
It decreases neurogenesis, contributing to depression.
How does ketamine help alleviate depression symptoms?
a. By directly increasing serotonin levels
b. Through blocking NMDA receptors and increasing synaptic plasticity
c. By decreasing dopamine receptor sensitivity
d. Through long-term regulation of the hypothalamus
Through blocking NMDA receptors and increasing synaptic plasticity
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets which brain region to alleviate treatment-resistant depression?
a. Amygdala
b. Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
c. Hippocampus
d. Prefrontal cortex
Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Which type of antidepressant has the highest risk of triggering mania in bipolar disorder?
a. SSRIs
b. SNRIs
c. Tricyclic antidepressants
d. MAOIs
Tricyclic antidepressants
What concordance rate for mood disorders is observed in monozygotic twins?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 100%
70%
