Controlling the body Flashcards
(23 cards)
Which subcortical structure is heavily involved in modifying cortical activity for movement generation?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Hippocampus
c. Thalamus
d. Amygdala
Basal ganglia
The cerebellum receives a copy of motor commands from the cortex, which helps it:
a. Initiate voluntary movements
b. Learn and implement forward models for predictive control
c. Suppress involuntary reflexes
d. Coordinate emotional responses
Learn and implement forward models for predictive control
Which pathway is most directly involved in fine motor control, such as finger movements?
a. Lateral corticospinal tract
b. Rubrospinal tract
c. Reticulospinal tract
d. Vestibulospinal tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Cutting the pyramidal tract, as demonstrated by Lawrence and Kuypers (1968), primarily affects:
a. Balance and posture
b. Fine motor control of the fingers
c. Reflexive movements in the spinal cord
d. Voluntary movements of the legs
Fine motor control of the fingers
Transforming sensory information for a reaching movement requires:
a. Encoding all inputs in head-centered coordinates
b. Using limb-centered and object-centered coordinate systems
c. Suppressing proprioceptive feedback during movement execution
d. Avoiding the use of extrinsic coordinates
Using limb-centered and object-centered coordinate systems
Cells in the premotor cortex that maintain receptive field preference based on limb position are tuned to:
a. Retinotopic coordinates
b. Body-centered coordinates
c. World-centered coordinates
d. Object-centered coordinates
Body-centered coordinates
Reaching is primarily processed in which brain regions?
a. Primary motor cortex (M1)
b. Parietal regions such as PRR and frontal cPMd areas
c. Occipital visual areas
d. Amygdala and hippocampus
Parietal regions such as PRR and frontal cPMd areas
Grasping actions depend on visual information about:
a. The egocentric position of the target
b. Object-centered properties to define an “opposition space”
c. Retinotopic coordinates of the hand
d. The global spatial environment
Object-centered properties to define an “opposition space”
What does the population vector in motor cortex coding represent?
a. Muscle activation patterns for specific joints
b. The combined preferred directions of many neurons
c. Visual feedback used to guide movement
d. The coordination of multiple sensory modalities
The combined preferred directions of many neurons
The motor homunculus is based on stimulation studies in which area?
a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Primary motor cortex (M1)
c. Somatosensory cortex
d. Cerebellum
Primary motor cortex (M1)
The forward model implemented by the cerebellum predicts:
a. The sensory feedback resulting from motor commands
b. The exact timing of external sensory inputs
c. The initiation of voluntary movements
d. The inhibition of reflex arcs
The sensory feedback resulting from motor commands
A key challenge in closed loop control is:
a. Lack of sensory information during movement
b. Delays in sensory processing causing overcompensation
c. Inability to integrate visual and proprioceptive cues
d. Excessive reliance on spinal reflexes
Delays in sensory processing causing overcompensation
The posterior parietal cortex receives input from
a. the visual system
b. the tactile system
c. the auditory system
d. all of the above
all of the above
The lateral group of descending motor tracts
a. receive input from golgi tendon organs
b. mainly control gross movements of the trunk and proximal limbs
c. mainly control fine dextrous movements of the hands and arms
d. are largely absent in man
mainly control fine dextrous movements of the hands and arms
A single motor unit consists of
a. A single effector and its range of possible movements
b. a network spanning multiple cortical areas but responsible for a specific component of action, such as reaching or grasping
c. a single spinal motoneurone and the muscle fibres it innervates
d. a group of cortical neurones that collectively code for a direction of movement
a single spinal motoneurone and the muscle fibres it innervates
A cell is said to have a retinotopic receptive field when
a. it responds best to a stimulus at one external location regardless of where the eyes are pointing
b. it responds best to a stimulus at one external location regardless of where the eyes are pointing and where the head is pointing
c. it responds best to a stimulus at one location relative to where the eyes are pointing
d. it responds best to a stimulus at one external location relative to where the hand is located
it responds best to a stimulus at one location relative to where the eyes are pointing
Inactivation of area AIP within the intraparietal sulcus leads to
a. rest tremor
b. an inability to accurately grasp objects in the dark once they have been found
c. an inability to perceive the depth of 3D objects
d. an inability to preshape the hand appropriately when reaching to grasp an object in the light
an inability to preshape the hand appropriately when reaching to grasp an object in the light
Cells in primary motor cortex
a. Fire whenever a particular muscle is activated
b. sometimes synapse directly with spinal motoneurones
c. code exclusively for the direction of reaching movements
d. begin to fire only after a movement has been initiated
sometimes synapse directly with spinal motoneurones
The motor homunculus has an exaggerated representation of the
a. hand
b. lips
c. tongue
d. all of the above
all of the above
The striatum
a. Is the output area of the basal ganglia, comprising the internal segment of the globus pallidus and the substantia negra par reticulata
b. Has a strong dopiminergic output
c. Is the main input area to the basal ganglia, comprising the caudate and the putamen
d. Is the part of the basal ganglia that connects directly to the striate cortex
Is the main input area to the basal ganglia, comprising the caudate and the putamen
One of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is
a. action tremor
b. rest tremor
c. hyperkinesia
d. neglect
rest tremor
The cerebellum contains
a. anterior, posterior and floculonodular cortical lobes
b. medial, intermediate and lateral zones
c. dentate, interposed and fastigial deep nuclei
d. all of the above
all of the above
The…..send(s) numerous output fibres to the cerebellum, and also receive(s) a massive projection from the cerebellum via the thalamus
a. spinal cord
b. basal ganglia
c. retina
d. cortex
Cortex
