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MEDSCI142 > Autocrine & Endocrine > Flashcards

Autocrine & Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Afferent (sensory) neurons do?

A

Collect information from around the body and feed back to the spinal chords

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2
Q

What do Efferent (motor) neurons do?

A

Take signals from brain + spinal chord to peripheries

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3
Q

What are the two types of Efferent Neurons?

A

Somatic (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

What do the Axon Terminals do?

A

Communicate with other nerves or tissues

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7
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath for?

A

Insulation

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8
Q

What is the Sympathetic part of the Autonomic System?

A

Responses associated with exercise, emotion and excitement

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9
Q

What is the Parasympathetic part of the Autonomic System?

A

Responses associated with repletion, rest and relaxation

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10
Q

Where is the control of output for the Autonomic System?

A

Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Spinal Chord

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11
Q

Where is the control of output for the Somatic System?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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12
Q

What type of Neuron pathway is the Autonomic System?

A

Two-neuron pathway

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13
Q

What type of Neuron pathway is the Somatic System?

A

One-neuron pathway

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14
Q

What is an Effector?

A

An organ, a gland, or a muscle that can respond and becomes active in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

What are the Effectors of the Autonomic system?

A

Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands

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16
Q

What are the Effectors of the Somatic System?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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17
Q

Which Neurotransmitters are associated with the Autonomic System?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

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18
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary + autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

What are some functions of the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Controls internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
  • Regulates behaviour patterns, circadian rhythms, and sleep/wake cycle
  • Controls body temperature
  • Regulates eating and drinking behaviour
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20
Q

What are the Hypothalamic Nuclei?

A

Cellular Areas with important functions in controlling endocrine + autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

What do the Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus both regulate?

A

Growth, Development, Metabolism + Homeostasis

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22
Q

What does the Hypothalamus Produce?

A

9 hormones
Releasing + Inhibitory hormones to control pituitary

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23
Q

What is the difference between the posterior and anterior pituitary?

A

Anterior- Produces and Release Hormones
Posterior - Release hormones into blood stream

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23
Q

What does the Pituitary gland produce?

A

7 Hormones
Controls Endocrine Organs

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23
What does the Infundibulum do?
Stalk that connects the Hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
23
What are Glucocorticoids?
Steroid Hormones produced in adrenal glands Fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat wide range of health problems.
24
What is Cortisol?
Hormone produced by Adrenal Gland Type of Glucocorticoids Primary stress hormone
24
What does Cortisol do for Gluconeogenesis?
Liver cells convert some amino acids or lactic acid to glucose which neuron's and other cells can use for ATP production
24
What does Cortisol do for Protein Breakdown?
Increase protein breakdown mainly in muscle fibre Amino acids released into bloodstream can be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production
24
What does Cortisol do for Lipolysis?
Breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into blood
25
What does Cortisol do for Resistance to Stress?
Increased Glucose and ATP combat stresses such as exercise. fasting, fright, infection and disease....
26
What does Cortisol do for Vasoconstriction?
Blood Vessels become more sensitive to hormones that cause vasoconstriction leading to rise in blood pressure
27
What does Cortisol do for Anti-inflammatory?
Inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses (to limit tissue damage by then) However can retard tissue repair and slow wound healing
28
What does Cortisol do for Immune Depression?
High glucocorticoid concentration depress immune responses.
29
What is the Flight-or-flight response?
Sympathetic Activation ADRENA MEDULLA (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
30
What is the Resistance Reaction?
Slower, long lasting ADRENAL CORTEX (+ hypothalamus & pituitary) Cortisol production
31
What is Eustress?
Acute -Prepares us to meet certain challenges -Helpful, Beneficial
32
What is Distress?
Chronic -Associated with undesirable events -Potentially harmful
33
What is a Schwann Cell?
Surrounds neuron's and the axons. Cover myelinated cells with a myelin sheath
34
What is Myelin?
Protein that insulates the nerve + helps electrochemical signals to transmit along the nerve
35
Summary of Nerve Synapses
1. Electrochemical charge changes the voltage in the bulb 2. Leads to a change in some proteins that are voltage-gated ca+ in axon bulbs. They alter the structure so that ca+ can come in and alter the behaviour of vesicles of neurotransmitter molecules 3. Neurotransmitters move towards the synaptic cleft. Fuse with membrane and release their small neurotransmitters into cleft 4/5. Neurotransmitters bind to the Ligand-gated channels which open up to allow na+ to go into postsynaptic cleft 6. Nerve impulse created
36
Pupil dilation in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sympathetic = dilated Parasympathetic = contraction
37
Saliva/Digestion in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sympathetic = decrease saliva + digestion Parasympathetic = increase saliva + digestion
38
Bronchi in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
Sympathetic = dilation (fast breathing) Parasympathetic = constriction (slow breathing)
39
What happens in the Somatic pathway?
Impulse travels along myelinated motor neuron ACh is the neurotransmitters
40
What happens in the Autonomic pathway?
Preganglionic myelinated neuron Then Autonomic ganglion holds synapse (ACh) Postganglionic unmyelinated neuron
41
Which neurotransmitters are used in the Sympathetic nerves? And what is the exception?
ACh -> NE Exception = Sweat glands - Just ACh
42
Which neurotransmitter are used in the Parasympathetic nerves?
ACh
43
What is the HPA axis?
Central Components of the Endocrine system Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal
44
What other areas of the body produce hormones?
Pineal Gland (brain) Thyroid + Parathyroid (throat) Thymus (chest) Pancreas Ovary/Testes
45
What do Endocrine organs do?
Secrete hormones (signalling molecules)
46
What is a Circulating Hormone?
Aims for distant target cells by going through the bloodstream
47
What is a Paracrine Hormone?
Acts on local target cells (Doesn't have to go through bloodstream)
48
What is an Autocrine Hormone?
Acts on itself and its own receptors
49
What is the Cycle of Hormone Release?
50
What is the Mechanism of Lipid-Soluble Hormones?
51
What are Lipid-Soluble Hormones?
Hormones that can't travel through blood stream on own, but can pass freely through lipid bilayer
52
What are Water Soluble Hormones?
Hormones that can travel through blood without receptor. But cannot go through lipid bilayer so need a transmembrane proetein
53
What are some example of Lipid Soluble Hormones?
Steriod Thyroid
54
What are some examples of Water-soluble Hormones?
Peptides Proteins
55
What is the Mechanism of Water-Soluble Hormones?
56
What do protein kinases do?
Add phosphates to proteins
57
What is the portal system between the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary?
Capillaries - Portal Vein - Capillaries
58
How is the Alarm Response enhanced?
Hormones from pituitary signal to adrenal medulla Modified postganglionic neurons act as secretory cells NE and E is secreted into bloodstream (adrenaline)
59
What is the Adrenal Medulla stimulated by?
Acetylcholine from sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
59
What is the purpose of the Adrenal Medulla pathway?
Sustain and enhance alarm response longer than a normal sympathetic response
60
What is the purpose of the Adrenal Cortex pathway?
Resistance to stress, dampens inflammation, and alters immune reponses Increase blood sodium and water, decrease potassium leading to increased blood volume and pressure
61
What is the Adrenal Cortex stimulated by?
CRH stimulates ACTH which stimulates the cortex to release Cortisol (neurosecretory cells release CRH into primary hypophysheal plexus, then portal vein to anterior pituitary
62
What is the negative feedback loop to do with the adrenal cortex?
CRH stimulates ACTH which stimulates the cortex to release cortisol Cortisol then acts on the CRH to turn down the response
63
Whats does adenyl cyclase do?
Generates the secondary messenger, cAMP (uses ATP)
64
What is the Limbic System?
Part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses,
65
Somatic Nerves
In peripheries, associated with voluntary control of skeletal muscles
66
What does the Pineal Gland do?
Control circadian rhythm by secreting melatonin
67
What is Inducibility?
Activated or undergoing expression only in the presence of a particular molecule.
68
What are the Hypophyseal Portal Veins?
Blood vessels at base of brain that connect it to the anterior pituitary

MEDSCI142 (18 decks)

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