Reproduction

Question 1

Oxytocin

Answer 1

helps with smoth muscle contraction, causing milk ejection and contraction of uterus during birth. Used to induce labour

Question 2

Oestradiol

Answer 2

Main site of estrogen production in the granulose ceols of the growing follice

Question 3

Progesterone

Answer 3

main steroidal hormone of the corpus luteum and of the placenta
associated with preprations for pregnancy and its maintenance

Question 4

SRY Gene

Answer 4

Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome provides the pathways for testes to develop
Absences of SRY = female

Question 5

xx

Answer 5

female

Question 6

xy

Answer 6

male

Question 7

Mullerian duct

Answer 7

females

Question 8

Wolffian duct

Answer 8

male

Question 9

Precocious Puberty

Answer 9

7 female
9 male
GnRH dependent problem

Question 10

Delayed Puberty

Answer 10

Gonadotropin signals from the pituitary are inadequate for sex steroid hormone production

Question 11

Menopause

Answer 11

consequence of ovaries running out of follicles

Question 12

Oestrogen

Answer 12

one of the main female sex hormones. It is needed for puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength and other functions of the body.

Question 13

Vagina

Answer 13

serves as a passegway for the elimination of menstrual fluids. Also holds spermatozoa before they pass into the ueterus
- elastic muscular

Question 14

Uterus

Answer 14

Provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for developing fetuses

Question 15

What are the two zones of the endometrium in the Uterus?

Answer 15

Inner Functional Zone (stratum functionalis - uterine glands for nutrients)
Outer Basilar Zone (stratum basalis - attaches endometrium to myometrium)

Question 16

Myometrium

Answer 16

Muscular wall of uterus
Important for contractions

Question 17

Fundus

Answer 17

top of the uterus to the pubic bone

Question 18

Where does fertilisation happen in the fallopian tubes?

Answer 18

ampulla

Question 19

Uterine (fallopian) tubes

Answer 19

provides a rich nutrientive enviroment containing lipids and glycogen for spermatozoa, oocyte and the developing embryo

Question 20

Epithelium lining the uterine tubes

Answer 20

ciliated and non-ciliated secretory columnar cells

Question 21

Ectopic Pregnancy

Answer 21

fertilized embryo is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall

Question 22

Three regions of the Ovaries

Answer 22

Outer Ovarian Cortex - contains ovarian follicles
Central Ovarian Medulla - contains ovarian stroma + steroid producing cells
Inner Hilum (hilus) - point of entry for nerves and BV

Question 23

What does the presence of hcG mean in maternal blood?

Answer 23

Indicator of pregnancy and is the hormone used in at home pregnancy tests

Question 24

Follicular phase

Answer 24

dau 1-14
(menstrual phase + preovulatory phase)

Question 25

Luteal Phase

Answer 25

14-28 (ovulation + postovulatory phase)

Question 26

Three phases of the endometrial cycle

Answer 26

menstrual proliferative secretory

Question 27

Order of Spermatogenic Cells formation

Answer 27

Spermatogonium Primary Spermatocyte Secondary Spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoon (sperm cell)

Question 28

What are the functions of the tail/midpiece/head of the sperm?

Answer 28

Head - contains DNA and is covered by a acrosome that is filled with enzymes required for egg penetration Midpiece - packed with mitochondria for energy Tail - swimming

Question 29

Sertoli cells

Answer 29

Stimulate production of ABP Form barriers produce inhibin which can turn of FSH production

Question 30

Leydig cells

Answer 30

produce testerone outside seminiferous tubules

Question 31

Dihydrotestosterone

Answer 31

cannot be converted into estrogen

Question 32

Kisspeptin

Answer 32

sits above GnRh neurons and when its produced it causes secretion of GnRh

Question 33

Oligospermia

Answer 33

reduced count of sperm <20 million

Question 34

Azoospermia

Answer 34

no sperm in ejaculate

Question 35

Immotile

Answer 35

can't swim

Question 36

testes

Answer 36

located in the scrotum

Question 37

cryptorchidism

Answer 37

if they testes do not descend during pregnancy from the pelvis

Question 38

Where is sperm produced

Answer 38

seminiferous tubules

Question 39

Where do sperm move to from the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 39

rete testis epididymis vas deferens

Question 40

Vas deferens

Answer 40

tube where sperm is stored for several months - runs from the epididymis up and around the bladder -> then back down to the ejaculatory duct

Question 41

Seminal vesicles

Answer 41

Secretory glands that produce a mucoid substance that is alkaline. contains fructose for energy *doesn't store it*

Question 42

Order of ejaculation

Answer 42

Prostatic Secretions Sperm Seminal Vesicle secretions

Question 43

what passes through the prostate?

Answer 43

urethra

Question 44

What does the prostate secrete?

Answer 44

slightly acidic prostatic fluid prostate specific antigen that breaks down poste ejaculation coagulum to prevent sperm from getting stuck in the vagina

Question 45

How is the acidity of the prostatic fluid neutralised?

Answer 45

in the semen by seminal vesicle fluid

Question 46

What is the semen made of?

Answer 46

Sperm Seminal vesicle fluid Prostatic fluid other secretions

Question 47

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 47

excess growth of the prostate - can cover the urethra, meaning trouble urinating

Question 48

What do the drugs Finasteride + Dutasteride do?

Answer 48

stop the prostrate enlarging/shrink it

Question 49

Penile Urethra

Answer 49

conducts semen (and urine)

Question 49

3 main parts of the penis

Answer 49

Corpora cavernosa Corpus Spongiosum Penile Urethra

Question 50

Corpus spongiosum

Answer 50

surrounds the penile urethra and prevents occlusion during erection

Question 51

Corpora Cavernose x2

Answer 51

the main erectile tissues

Question 52

What does the release of NO and Prostaglandin E1 do?

Answer 52

Causes the smooth muscle of the corposa cavernosa to relax

Question 53

What does Viagra?

Answer 53

inhibits phoshodiesterase (type 5) leading to increase in GMP, relaxation of the arteies supplying the corpora cavernose and erection

Question 54

GMP

Answer 54

is required for the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpa cavernosa