Spinal Chord

Question 1

What are the 3 Maters (layers) on the spinal chord?

Answer 1

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

Question 2

How many paired nerves are there?

Answer 2

31 Paired Nerves

Question 3

What is the Filum Terminale Externum?

Answer 3

Bundle of Spinal cord coverings
Anchors spinal cord in the Coccyx

Question 4

What is the Coccyx?

Answer 4

Tailbone
End of bone

Question 5

Grey Matter

Answer 5

Cell bodies and neurons

Question 6

What are the first 3 segments of nerves in the spine?

Answer 6

Cervical Nerves
Thoracic Nerves
Lumbar Nerves

Question 7

What is the Cervical Enlargement?

Answer 7

Larger section of spine to accommodate arms

Question 8

How many nerves for the ribs?

Answer 8

24 nerves for the 24 ribs

Question 9

What is the Thoracolumbar Enlargement?

Answer 9

Larger section of spine to accommodate legs

Question 10

Where is the termination of the Spinal Cord?

Answer 10

Cauda Equina (tail)

Question 11

What is the Meissner’s Corpuscle Receptor for?

Answer 11

Touch

Question 12

What is Pacinian Corpuscle Receptor for?

Answer 12

Pressure

Question 13

Dorsal Ganglia

Answer 13

Group of Neurons

Question 14

Funiculus

Answer 14

White Matter

Question 15

Ventral Funiculus

Answer 15

Pain + Temperature

Question 16

Lateral Funiculus (motor columns)

Answer 16

Carry info to spinal chord

Question 17

Dorsal Funiculus

Answer 17

Gracile + Cuneate Funiculus
Carries discriminative sensation information

Question 18

What sensory info does the Gracile Funiculus have?

Answer 18

Legs

Question 19

What sensory info does the Cuneate Funiculus have?

Answer 19

Arms

Question 20

Substantia Gelatinosa

Answer 20

Transport
Jelly-like

Question 21

Nucleus Proprius

Answer 21

Discriminative Sensory Information

Question 22

Monosynaptic/Myotatic

Answer 22

Reflex Arc

Question 23

Anterior White Commissure

Answer 23

Bundle of white matter
Left to Right

Question 24

Dessucation

Answer 24

Crossing Over

Question 25

What is the pathway of Discriminative Sensation?

Answer 25

Dorsal Column Pathway Synapses at the Cuneate Nucleus and then Crosses Over to become Medial Lemniscal Goes to synapse in Thalamus Goes through Internal Capsule up to Primary Sensory Cortex

Question 26

What is the pathway of the Spinothalamic Tract (pain + temp)?

Answer 26

Synapse in the Substantia Gelatinosa Decussate in anterior white commissure Synapse in Thalamus Go through internal capsule to primary sensory cortex

Question 27

What happens if you have damage in the medial lemniscus (upper touch + pressure)

Answer 27

Lose touch + pressure on opposite side

Question 28

What happens if you have damage in the Spinothalamic (upper pain + temp)

Answer 28

Lose Pain + temp on opposite side

Question 29

What happens if you have damage in the medial lemniscus (lower touch + pressure)

Answer 29

Loss of sensation on same side with touch and pressure

Question 30

Associative Sensory Loss

Answer 30

Both tracts are affected

Question 31

Dissociative Sensory Loss

Answer 31

Only one track is affected

Question 32

What does the Basal ganglia help with?

Answer 32

Helps control mood through movement Slowly controlled refined movement

Question 33

What happens if there is damage to the upper motor neurons of the Corticospinal Tract?

Answer 33

Causes Spasticity Too much control Becomes stiff and rigid

Question 34

What happens if there is damage to the lower motor neurons of the Corticospinal Tract?

Answer 34

Flaccid Paralysis No neural control in muscle

Question 35

Upper Motor Neurons (Corticospinal)

Answer 35

Movement Control

Question 36

Lower Motor Neurons (Corticospinal)

Answer 36

Reflexes

Question 37

In the Corticospinal, what are the neurons that stay on the same side for?

Answer 37

Control axial muscles

Question 38

What are the 5 parts of the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 38

Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra

Question 39

Glutamate

Answer 39

Major excitatory neurotransmitter Fires up the neurons in the striatum

Question 40

What happens in the motor system?

Answer 40

- Glutamate fires up the neurons in the striatum - Acts on Dopamine or GABA - Dopamine activates the inhibitory neurons - Inhibition happens on excitatory neurons which sends messages up to the cerebral cortex

Question 41

What happens in parkinson's disease?

Answer 41

-Neurons not primed and ready to go - Glutamate starts to build up which is very toxic - Also means that no inhibition is happening on inhibitory neurons. Dopamine levels go down too - Therefore the inhibitory neurons are firing more and more and acting on the excitatory neurons -Brings excitation down (Hypo excitation) - End up with stiffness + rigidity

Question 42

What does Cerebellum help with?

Answer 42

Stopping a movement

Question 43

Where is Dopamine housed?

Answer 43

Substantia Nigra

Question 44

Levodopa

Answer 44

Precursor to dopamine Helps dopamine levels go up