Respiratory System - Anatomy

Question 1

External Respiration

Answer 1

Process in which oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into blood within the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide is excreted

Question 2

Internal Respiration

Answer 2

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells which surround them.

Question 3

Cellular Respiration

Answer 3

Process within individual cells through which they gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose
(mitochondria, consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide)

Question 4

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 4

Breathing
Describes the bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles and the diaphragm

Question 5

Conducting Part

Answer 5

Series of cavities and thick-walled tubes which conduct air between the nose and the deepest parts of the lungs, and in doing so warm, humidify and clean it

Question 6

What are the conducting airways?

Answer 6

Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

Question 7

Respiratory Part

Answer 7

Comprises the tiny, thin-walled airways where gases are exchanged between air and blood

Question 8

What are the respiratory airways?

Answer 8

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts and Sacs
Alveoli

Question 9

What is the path of air?

Answer 9

Ventilatory Pump (air) *oxygen
Left Cardiac Pump (blood)
Internal Respiration blood-tissues
Cellular respiration within cells *Co2
Right Cardiac Pump (blood)
Ventilatory Pump (air

Question 10

What conditions are needed for air to help with gas exchange?

Answer 10

Clean
Warm (37)
Humidified (H20 100% saturated)

Question 11

What is Mucous Membrane?

Answer 11

Secreted by goblet cells
Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated cells
Helps with filtration

Question 12

What are Goblet Cells made of?

Answer 12

Epithelial + Mucus Cells

Question 13

What are Conchae?

Answer 13

Collection of bones in Nasal Cavity
Helps with warming blood supply underneath mucous membrane + humidity. Creates Turbulence
(increase SA)

Question 14

What is Humidification?

Answer 14

Add water to air

Question 15

What is Mucociliary Escalator

Answer 15

Inside of the conducting airways and is made up of mucus and cilia, which moves the mucus up and out of the lungs where it can be expelled by coughing or swallowing

Question 16

Define the Nasal Cavity?

Answer 16

Tall, Narrow chamber lined with mucous membrane.

Question 17

Paranasal

Answer 17

Near the nose

Question 18

What do Paranasal sinuses do?

Answer 18

Open into the cavity
Lighten the face and add resonance to the voice

Question 19

What does the roof of the Nasal Cavity carry?

Answer 19

Olfactory Epithelium
Tissue inside nasal cavity which have Olfactory Receptor Cells that help with smell.
They lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone

Question 20

Cribriform Plates

Answer 20

Part of bone at base of skull
Allow for the passage of the olfactory nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 21

What does smoking do to Cilia?

Answer 21

Paralyses them

Question 22

What does Cilia do?

Answer 22

Moves mucus

Question 23

What are the three parts of the Pharynx in order?

Answer 23

Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharynx (near voice box)

Question 24

What happens when you swallow?

Answer 24

Soft palate closes Naropharynx
Glottis closed
Esophagus forced open

Question 25

What is a generation?

Answer 25

Everytime a tube branches

Question 26

What is the name for when every tube branches twice?

Answer 26

Dichotamous Branching

Question 27

How many generations are there?

Answer 27

28

Question 28

What generations are the conducting and respiratory zones?

Answer 28

Conducting 1-19 Respiratory 20-28

Question 29

Which generation is most at risk for infection?

Answer 29

17-20

Question 30

What epithelium lines the Trachea?

Answer 30

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 31

What are 3 things lining the Trachea?

Answer 31

Mucous Glands Goblet Cells Ciltrate cells (cellular energy metabolism)

Question 32

What is the Trachea supported by?

Answer 32

C-shaped rings of cartilage. Free ends of the cartilage by trachealis smooth muscle

Question 33

What is the order of components of the wall of the bronchus?

Answer 33

Cilia Goblet Cells + Columnar Ciliated Epithelium Smooth Muscle (contractile element) Mucus Glands Cartilage Plates

Question 34

What is the order of components of the wall of the bronchiole?

Answer 34

Club Cell Secretions Club Cells Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium Smooth Muscle

Question 35

What do the the Bronchi have that the Bronchioles don't?

Answer 35

Goblet Cells Mucus Glands Cartilage

Question 36

What are Club Cell Secretions?

Answer 36

Watery with anti-bacterial properties against virus + bacteria

Question 37

What epithelium is in Upper Airways?

Answer 37

Tall, Ciliated, Columnar, Pseudostratified

Question 38

What epithelium is in the Alveoli?

Answer 38

Thin Squamous cells (gas exchange)

Question 39

What is the Terminal Bronchiole?

Answer 39

Last tube of conducting zone

Question 40

What is the Respiratory Bronchiole?

Answer 40

Transition into Alveoli

Question 41

What do the Alveoli have wrapped around them?

Answer 41

Rich Capillary Network

Question 42

What are some cells on the Alveolar wall?

Answer 42

Type l Alveolar Type ll Alveolar Alveolar Macrophage

Question 43

Type l Alveolar Cell

Answer 43

Type l pneumocyte Squamous Epithelium Gas exchange and Alveolar Fluid Regulation

Question 44

Type ll Alveolar Cell

Answer 44

Secrete Surfactant (Phospholipid) Breaks down surface tension of water with air Keeps Alveoli open, reduces work of breathing

Question 45

Alveolar Macrophage

Answer 45

Ingest leftover particles or bleeding

Question 46

How many lobes in the bronchi on each side?

Answer 46

3 left 2 right

Question 47

How many tertiary bronchi (segmental) on each side?

Answer 47

8 left 10 right

Question 48

Pleurae

Answer 48

Smooth membrane that covers each lung Also lines thoracic cavity where the lung sits

Question 49

What separates the two pleuras at the lung and the skeletal muscle?

Answer 49

Pleural Cavity (FLUID) Allows the pleurae to slide past each other without friction. Also prevents them from being seperated

Question 50

Passive or Active? Inspiration + Expiration

Answer 50

Inspiration = Active (requires contraction of external intercostal muscles) Expiration = Passive

Question 51

What happens during exercise?

Answer 51

Both intercostal muscles become active External for Inspiration Internal for Expiration

Question 52

Visceral vs Parietal Pleura

Answer 52

Visceral (internal/lung) Pleural(outer/muscle)

Question 53

Diaphragm

Answer 53

Dome-shaped platform which forms the floor of the thorax and the roof of the abdomen

Question 54

What is the central part of the Diaphragm?

Answer 54

Central Tendon

Question 55

What happens due to the diaphragmatic muscle contracting?

Answer 55

Flattens the diaphragm, pulling its central dome downwards. Increases the volume of the thorax and causes inspiration

Question 56

What happens due to the diaphragmatic muscle relaxing?

Answer 56

Allows the diaphragm to lift back towards the thorax, reducing thoracic volume (expiration)