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MEDSCI142 > Musculoskeletal System (Joints) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System (Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint classified as?

A

A point where two or more bones interconnect

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2
Q

How can the function of a joint be determined?

A

By looking at the different tissues and the shape of the articular surfaces (its structure)

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3
Q

Arthrosis

A

Joint

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4
Q

What are 3 functions of the joint?

A

Movement
Force Transmission
Growth

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5
Q

What are Sutures?

A

Natural breaks in bone which help with appositional growth. Allows for bone to grow outwards for skull to grow larger. Fuses in adulthood

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6
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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7
Q

Synathrosis

A

Immovable joint
High stability/ Low movement
Location: Axial Skeleton
Used for growth + force transmission

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8
Q

What does Ankylosis mean?

A

Stiffness of joint due to rigidity of bone

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9
Q

Ampiarthrosis

A

Slightly Moveable
Moderate stability and movement
Mix of axial and appendicular
Used for movement and force transmission

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10
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely Moveable
Low stability/High movement
Location: Appendicular Skeleton
(most damaged)

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11
Q

What can movement of joints be most determined by?

A

Tissue surrounding it

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12
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

Type of Diarthrosis
Not restricted by properties of tissues which hold the ends of bone together

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13
Q

What are the 4 main features of synovial joints?

A

Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule
Joint Cavity
Synovial Fluid

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14
Q

What is Articular Cartilage?

A

Specialised type of Hyaline Cartilage
Protects the ends of bone
Absorbs shock, supports heavy loads + provides a frictionless surface

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15
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Cells in articular cartilage
- Help to build, repair and maintain cartilage
-Lives in Lacunae

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16
Q

What is a group of Chondrocytes called?

A

Nests

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17
Q

What makes up the ECM in Articular Cartilage?

A

Ground Substances (Water & GAGs + Proteoglycans)
Fibres (Type ll Collagen)

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18
Q

What does water help with in Articular Cartilage?

A

Is the fluid component that can move nutrients and waste in and out of tissue

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19
Q

Two types GAGs

A

Hyaluronic Acid
Chrondoitin

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20
Q

Type of Proteoglycan

A

Aggrecan

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21
Q

What do the GAGs and PGs help with?

A

Provide swelling and hydrating mechanism for the function of cartilage
Part of solid component that is fixed to tissue

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22
Q

What does Collagen fibres help with in Articular Cartilage?

A

Structural Integrity
Specific Zonation patterns
Part of solid component fixed to tissue

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23
Q

What are the three zones in Articular Cartilage?

A

Surface (Low PG)
Middle (Mid PG)
Deep (High PG)

24
Q

How is the Surface Zone anchored to the bone?

A

Fibres running down

25
Q

What is the order of Cartilage to Bone?

A

Surface Zone
Middle Zone
Deep Zone
Tide Mark
Calcified Cartilage
Osteochondral Junction
Subchondral Bone

26
Q

What is the Calcified Cartilage area?

A

Low in PG
High in Hydroxyapatite (secreted by chondrocytes)
Has the properties of bone and the deformable cartilage area
Gap between Cartilage and bone to stop the shearing forces from tearing the cartilage off bone.

27
Q

What is the osteochondral junction?

A

Line between Calcified Cartilage and Bone
Is convoluted, meaning not just a straight line (helps for more SA to stick the cartilage to bone)

28
Q

How do chondrocytes get nutrients?

A

Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves, so they get nutrients through diffusion though the water in the cartilage

29
Q

What is a repeating disaccharide unit called?

A

Glycosaminoglycan
e.g Chrondroitin & Kertain Sulphate

30
Q

What is a Large Proteoglycan Complex?

A

Proteoglycan attach to a long hyaluronic acid (GAG) chain

30
Q

What is a Proteoglycan?

A

Many glycosaminoglycans attached to a protein core
-Negative charges repel each other and make the GAGs stand out like bottle brush bristles

31
Q

What causes a monosaccharide to get a negative charge?

A

They have carboxyl or sulphate groups that when you put in an aqueous solution lose a protein and get a negative charge

32
Q

What are Osteophytes?

A

Bone growing in weird places
Happens mostly in old people

33
Q

Explain the Loading Cycle of Articular Cartilage

A
  2. -ve charges on the repeating disaccharide units attracts +ve ions into the cartilage from the joint space. Increases the ion concentration in the matrix
  3. Increase in ion concentration creates osmotic gradient which draws water into the ECM. Cartilage begins to swell
  4. As cartilage swells the collagen is placed under increasing tension. Eventually the swelling force= tensional forces and swelling stops (unloaded equilibrium)
  5. When a load is introduced the water and +ve ions get squeezed out of cartilage back into the joint cavity. (helps get waste and Co2 out)
  6. This pushes the +ve charges closer together. Eventually the cartilage will stop shrinking
34
Q

What is Creep?

A

Loss of fluid reduces the volume of cartilage

35
Q

What is Unloaded Equilibrium

A

Cartilage stops swelling

36
Q

What is Loaded Equilibrium?

A

Cartilage stops shrinking

37
Q

What are the two layers in the Articular Capsule?

A

Fibrous (outer)
Synovial Membrane (inner)

38
Q

What is the role of the Articular Capsule?

A

Suitably Loose to permit joint movement
Can become tight when it comes to the limits of natural range of motion

39
Q

What is the Articular Capsule perforated by?

A

Blood Vessels and Nerves

40
Q

What type of connective tissue is the Fibrous Layer?

A

Dense Connective Tissue (irregular and regular)

41
Q

What is a Ligament?

A

Dense regular connective tissue connecting bone to bone

42
Q

What is the Fibrous Layer made up of?

A

Parallel, but interlacing bundles of white collagen fibres that are continuous with the periosteum
(poorly vascularised, but lots of nerves)

43
Q

What are thicker sections of the Fibrous Layer called?

A

Capsular Ligaments
Resist tensional forces and check abnormal joint movement

44
Q

What type of connective tissue is the Synovial Membrane?

A

Loose Connective Tissue (varying thickness)

45
Q

What areas does the Synovial Membrane line?

A

All non-articular surfaces inside the joint cavity, up to the articular cartilage

46
Q

What are the two layers of the Synovial Membrane?

A

Subintima (outer)
Intima (inner)

47
Q

Synovial Intima

A

Very thin and made up of 1-3 cells thick
The cells called Synoviocytes secrete some components in Synovial Fluid?

48
Q

Synovial Subintima

A

Highly Vascular
Contains Macrophages, fats cells (adipocytes) and fibroblasts that maintain and protect the Articular Capsule during normal movement

49
Q

What are Synoviocytes?

A

Found in the Intima
Secret Hyaluronic Acid + Lubricants

50
Q

What do the Fibroblasts do in the Fibrous Layer?

A

Secrete Collagen

51
Q

What is the Joint Cavity?

A

Small area between articulating surfaces
Its peripheries/sides are filled by villi from the synovial membrane

52
Q

What is Synovial Fluid?

A

Ultrafiltrate of Blood Plasma that leaks out of blood vessels in the Subintima

53
Q

What are some free cells found in low concentrations of Synovial Fluid?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Synoviocytes

54
Q

What are some functions of Synovial Fluid?

A

Joint Lubrication/ Maintenance
Shock Absorption
Chondrocyte metabolism

MEDSCI142 (18 decks)

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