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Neuroscience and Head and Neck Anatomy > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons are […] in length and have […] post-ganglionic axons.

A

Short

Long

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2
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons are […] in length and have […] post-ganglionic axons

A

Long

Short

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3
Q

What effect does sympathetic NS exert on pupils?

A

Dilation

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4
Q

[…] is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic axons of the sympathetic NS.

[…] is the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons of the symathetic NS.

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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5
Q

[…] is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic NS.

[…] is the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic NS.

A

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies for preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Brainstem and sacrum

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies for preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spine

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8
Q

Where are the ganglia that contain the cell bodies for postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Close to target organs

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9
Q

Where are the ganglia that contain the cell bodies for postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS?

A

Just outside the spinal cord in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia

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10
Q
  • Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division have cell bodies in the […] of the spinal cord (region).
  • The fibers enter the sympathetic trunk via the white ramus to synapse on […].
  • Postganglionic fibers exit via the gray ramus to enter […]
A
  • Lateral horn
  • paravertebral ganglia (chain ganglia)
  • one of 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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11
Q

So far, we’ve only talked about sympathetic preganglionic neurons as synapsing on paravertebral ganglia (those closest to the spine). What are all the possible outcomes / places where these neurons can travel to synapse with post-ganglionic neurons?

A

1) synapse on chain (paravertebral) ganglia at the same level at which they exited the spinal cord
2) Ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse on another paravertebral ganglia
3) pass through the chain without synapsing in order to synase at prevertebral ganglia

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12
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglia we should be familiar with in the visceral motor plexus?

A

Celiac ganglion

Mesenteric ganglia

Aorticorneal ganglion

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13
Q

The […] nucleus gives rise to the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Edinger-Westphal

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14
Q

What two cranial nerves have parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies in the salivatory nuclei of the pons and medulla?

A

Facial nerve (pons)

Glossopharyngeal (medulla)

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15
Q

What are the 2 nuclei that house the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies of the vagus nerve?

Where are these nuclei located?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

Nucleus ambiguus

Middle medulla

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16
Q

For the parasympathetic division of the occulomotor nerve, the preganglionic cell bodies are in the […] and the postganglionic cell bodies are in the […].

A

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Ciliary Ganglion

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17
Q

For the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, the preganglionic cell bodies are in the […] and the postganglionic cell bodies are in the […].

A

Salivatory nucleus (pons)

Pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion

18
Q

For the parasympathetic division of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the preganglionic cell bodies are in the […] and the postganglionic cell bodies are in the […].

A

Salivatory nucleus (medulla)

Otic ganglion

19
Q

Describe the effect of dual innervation of the bladder by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

A
20
Q

Describe the effect of dual innervation of the intestines by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

A

Parasympathetic - stimulates digestion and intestinal mobility

Sympathetic - inhibits digestion and intestinal mobility

21
Q

The gastrointestinal system has a unique system of innervation called the enteric nervous system. Describe this innervation.

A
22
Q

In the parasympathetic NS, the receptor for Ach on post-ganglionic neurons is […]

A

Nicotinic receptor

23
Q

In the parasympathetic NS, the receptor for Ach on target organ is […]

A

Muscarinic

24
Q

Sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic NS. They are an exception to the rule with regards to the neurotransmitters that are released to activate these glands. Describe this exception

A

Normally, postganglionic neurons would release NE onto target organs. However, sweat glands are cholinergic, so Ach is released instead (muscarinic receptors)

25
Q

In the sympathetic NS, the receptor for Ach on post-ganglionic neurons is […]

A

Nicotinic

26
Q

In the sympathetic NS, the receptor for NE on target organs is […]

A

Alpha or Beta adrenergic

27
Q

Renal vascular smooth muscle is innervated by the sympathetic NS. They are an exception to the rule with regards to the neurotransmitters that are released to activate these glands. Describe this exception

A

Preganglionic neurons are the same (release Ach onto nicotinic). Postganglionic neurons release dopamine instead of NE.

28
Q

How are adrenal glands an exception to the normal sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

They have “preganglionic” cell bodies in the spinal cord like normal autonomic neurons. However, they have no postganglionic neurons. Instead they release epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the circulation in response to stimulation by their respective “preganglionic” neurons.

29
Q

Nicotinic receptors are […] (type of receptor) whereas muscarinic receptors are […] (type of receptor).

A

Ligand - gated ion channels

G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)

30
Q

Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors are […] (type of receptors).

A

GPCRs (metabotropic)

31
Q

There are 4 subtypes of nicotinic receptors. Which are found in cell membranes of postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia?

A

N2 and NN

32
Q

When epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors (smooth muscle) what is the resulting response?

A

Contraction

33
Q

When epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to alpha 2 adrenergic receptors (smooth muscle) what is the resulting response?

A

Contraction

34
Q

When epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to alpha 2 adrenergic receptors on presynaptic neuron what is the resulting response?

A

Reuptake of NT and inhibition of further NT release

35
Q

When epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta adrenergic receptors what is the resulting response in the following tissues:

  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle and liver
A
  • Contraction
  • Relaxation
  • Glycogenolysis
36
Q

Consider a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron that synapses with cardiac muscle.

  • What NT is released into synapse?
  • What receptor is it interacting with?
  • What is the response in the tissue?
A
  • Ach
  • Muscarinic type 2
  • Decreases heart rate and contractility
37
Q

Consider a postganglionic sympathetic neuron that synapses with cardiac muscle.

  • What NT is released into synapse?
  • What receptor is it interacting with?
  • What is the response in the tissue?
A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Beta 1
  • Increase heart rate and contractility
38
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Where are these baroreceptors located?

What area of brainstem controls this reflex?

A

Operates to bring blood pressure back to normal after a sudden change in BP in either direction. There are baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch that respond to how stretched out he blood vessels are. If BP suddenly increases quickly, they will stretch more and respond to lower it. If BP suddenly decreases quickly, they will sense a decrease in stretch pressure and respond to raise BP. Controlled by Nucleus solitarius (caudal) and CN 9 and 10.

39
Q

Explain this diagram, starting with the [Increased BP].

A

BP suddenly increases –> carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptors sense this stretch and send sensory info to nucleus solitarius via CN 9 and CN 10 –> Nu. Solitarius responds by increasing firing of parasympathetic vagal nerve innervation to heart and decreasing firing of sympathetic innervation to heart.

40
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension? What is the BRR role in this condition?

A

Neuroscience and Head and Neck Anatomy (40 decks)

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