Axial Skeleton Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
5 components of the axial skeleton
A
Skull Hyoid Bone Auditory Ossicles Vertebral Column Thorax
2
Q
How many bones in skull?
A
22- 8 cranial and 14 facial
3
Q
Frontal Bone
A
Roof of orbits and anterior part of cranial floor
4
Q
Frontal Squama
A
Forehead- Coronal suture to top of orbits
5
Q
Supraorbital Margin
A
Thickening of frontal bone above orbits
6
Q
Supraorbital foramen
A
On supraorbital margin, for supraorbital nerve and artery
7
Q
Supraorbital Notch
A
Incomplete supraorbital foramen
8
Q
Frontal sinuses
A
Hollow spaces on frontal squama
9
Q
Parietal Bones
A
Sides and roof of cranial cavity
10
Q
Saggital Suture
A
Holds parietal bones together
11
Q
Temporal Bones
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Inferior/ lateral part of cranium and part of cranial floor
12
Q
Temporal Squama
A
Thin, flat portion of temporal bone forms temple
13
Q
Zygomatic Process
A
On temporal Bone- articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone
14
Q
Zygomatic Arch
A
Anterior to ear- Zygomatic and temporal processes
15
Q
Mandibular Fossa
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Socket on zygomatic process
16
Q
Articular Tubercle
A
Rounded elevation on zygomatic process
17
Q
Temporomandibular Joint
A
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with mandible
18
Q
Mastoid Portion
A
Contains mastoid air cells which communicate with hollow air space in inner ear- posterior and inferior to ear canal
19
Q
External Auditory meatus
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Ear canal- directs sound waves into ear
20
Q
Mastoid process
A
Rounded projection on mastoid portion- attachment point for neck muscles
21
Q
Internal Auditory Meatus
A
Opening for facial and vestibulochlear nerves to pass
22
Q
Styloid process
A
Attachment point for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck- projects inferiorly from temporal bone
23
Q
Stylomastoid foramen
A
Between styloid and mastoid processes- Facial nerve and stylomastoid artery
24
Q
Petrous Portion
A
Between sphenoid and occipital bones- houses internal and middle ear
25
3 auditory ossicles of middle ear
Incus
Malleus
Stapes
26
Cartoid Foramen
In middle ear- Passage for cartoid artery
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Occipital bone
Posterior part and base of cranium
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Foramen Magnum
Medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord - passage for vertebral and spinal arteries an accesory nerve
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Occipital condyles
Two oval, convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum
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Atlanto-occipital joints
Occipital condyles articulate with atlas
31
Hypoglossal canal
Superior to occipital condyle- passage of hypoglossal nerve and pharyngeal artery
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External Occipital Protuberance
Prominent midline projection superior to foramen magnum
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Ligamentum nuchae
Ligament extends for external occipital protuberance to C7
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Superior Nuchal Lines
Two curved lines extending laterally from protuberance
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Inferior nuchal lines
Area of muscle attachment
36
Sphenoid bone
butterfly- Floor, side walls and rear walls of orbit
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What cranial bones does the sphenoid articulate with?
All Cranial bones
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Sphenoidal Sinus
Middle portion of butterfly that is hollow
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Sella Tursica
Ridgy structure on superior body of sphenoid
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3 parts of the Sella Tursica
Tuberculum Sellae
Hypophyseal Fossa
Dorsum Sellae
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Tuberculum Sellae
Anterior ridge of the sella tursica
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Hypophyseal Fossa
Depression in between ridges of the sella tursica- houses pituitary gland
43
Dorsum Sellae
Posterior ridge of the sella tursica
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Greater Wings
Project laterally from body of sphenoid- inferior to lesser wings
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Lesser Wings
Ridge of bone superior to greater wings of the sphenoid bone
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Optic Foramen
At joint between lesser wing and body of sphenoid- passage of optic nerve and opthalmic artery
47
Superior Orbital Fissure
Between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid. Elongated slit for passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves
48
Pterygoid Processes
Project from bottom of sphenoid body- Mandible muscle attachment
49
Foramen Ovale
Medial to foramen spinosum on wings of sphenoid- Trigeminal Nerve
50
Foramen Spinosum
Base of greater wing of sphenoid- meningeal blood vessels
51
Foramen Lacerum
Joint between sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones- pharyngeal artery and emissary veins
52
Foramen Rotundum
Above pterygoid process- trigeminal nerve
53
Ethmoid Bone
Anterior part of cranial floor between orbits- partitions nasal cavity
54
Lateral Masses
Wall between nasal cavity containing ethmoidal sinuses
55
Ethmoidal sinuses
In the lateral masses of ethmoid bone- composed of ethmoidal cells
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Perpindicular Plate
Nasal Septum- Long projection in the middle of the ethmoid bone
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Cribiform Plate
Horizontal plate in ethmoid bone- forms roof of nasal cavity
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Olfactory Foramina
On cribiform plate of ethmoid bone- passage of olfactory nerves
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Crista Gali
Projection on top of ethmoid bone- Attachment for falx cerebri which seperate brain hemispheres
60
Nasal bones
Two, small, flat rectangular bones form bridge of nose
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Function of nasal bones
Protect upper entry of nasal cavity and provide muscle attachment points used for facial expression
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Lacrimal Bones
Resemble fingernails. Lateral to nasal bones and form medial wall of orbit
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Lacrimal Fossa
Formed with maxilla. Houses lacrimal sac
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Palantine Bones
Two L shaped bones form posterior hard palate and walls of nasal cavity
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Horizontal Plates of Palantine bone
Seperate nasal and oral cavities
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
Inferior to middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid- seperate from ethmoid
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Vomer
Triangular bone on floor of nasal cavity
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What bones does the vomer articulate with?
Perpindicular plate of ethmoid, body of sphenoid, maxilla, palantine
69
Maxilla
Floors of orbits, lateral walls of nasal cavity, most of hard palate
70
What facial bones does the maxilla articulate with?
All except mandible
71
Hard palate
Palantine processes of maxilla and horizontal plates of palantine bones
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Maxillary Sinus
Hollow body of maxilla
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Alveolar Processes
Ridge like arch on maxilla that contains alveoli
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Alveoli
Sockets for maxillary teeth
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Palantine processes
Horizontal projection on maxilla makes 3/4 of hard palate anterior
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Infraorbital Foramen
On maxilla. Infraorbital blood vessel/ nerve and the trigeminal nerve
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Incisive Foramen
Posterior to incisor teeth. Palantine blood vessel and nasopalantine nerve
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Inferior Orbital Fissure
Between greater wing of sphenoid and posterior maxilla
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Zygomatic Bone
Cheek bone
80
What bones do the zygomatic bones articulate with
Frontal, maxilla, temporal and sphenoid
81
Temporal Process
Projects posteriorly and articulates with zygomatic process
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Zygomaticofacial foramen
Near centre of zygomatic. Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels
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Mandible
Lower jaw bone
84
What is the largest and strongest facial bone?
Mandible
85
Body of Mandible
Horizontal, curved portion
86
Ramus
Perpindicular portion of mandible
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Angle of mandible
Area where the body and the ramus meet
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Condylar Process
Posterior part of ramus articulates with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone
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Temporomandibular Joint
Where mandible articulates with temporal bone
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Coronoid Process
End of ramus where temporalis muscle attaches
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Mandibular Notch
Depression between condylar and coronoid processes
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Mental Foramen
Inferiro to 2nd premolar- Mental nerve
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Mandibular Foramen
Medial side of ramus
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Mandibular Canal
Runs obliquely to ramus and anteriorly to body- Alveolar nerves/ vessels
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Nasal Septum
Vertical partition of nasal cavity
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3 components of nasal septum
Vomer
Perpindicular plate of ethmoid
Septal cartilage
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Bony Nasal Septum
Perpindicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer form the posterior side of nasal septum
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Septal Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage articulates with bony nasal septum to form the anterior of nasal septum
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How many bones form the orbital cavities?
7
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What cranial bones form the orbital cavities?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
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What facial bones form the orbital cavities?
Palantine, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal
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What bones form the orbit roof?
Frontal, sphenoid
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What bones form the orbit lateral wall?
Zygomatic, sphenoid
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What bones form the orbit medial wall?
Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
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What bones form the orbit floor?
Maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid
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Location of optic foramen
Junction of roof and medial wall of orbit
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Location of superior orbital fissure
Back, centre of orbit
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Location of inferior orbital fissure
Junction of lateral wall and floor of orbit
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Location of supraorbital foramen
Medial side of supraorbital margin of frontal bone
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Location of lacrimal fossa
Medial side of orbit on the lacrimal bone
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Sutures
Immovable joint that holds together most skull bones
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Coronal Sture
Joins frontal and parietal bones
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Saggital Suture
Joins parietal bones
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Lamboid Suture
Joins parietal and occipital bones
115
Where do sutural bones grow?
At the lamboid suture
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Squamous Suture
Join parietal and temporal bones
117
4 bones with paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
118
2 functions of paranasal sinuses
Allow skull to change in size but not mass
| Resonating chambers intensify vocals
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Cranial Fossae
3 distinct regions of the floor of the cranium
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Bones that form Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
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Bones that form middle cranial fossa
Sphenoid, temporal, parietal
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Bones that form inferior cranial fossa
Occipital, temporal
123
4 Sex differences in muscle attachment sites
Temporal lines
External Occipital Protuberance
Nuchal lines
Mastoid Process
124
6 Sex differences in Bone Prominence
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Angle of mandible
Frontal squama
Supraorbital ridge
Glabella
Teeth
Mental Eminence (chin)
```
125
Hyoid bone
Suspended from styloid process of temporal bone by ligaments and muscle
126
What bone is fractured during strangulation
Hyoid
127
Function of hyoid bone
Attachment for tongue, neck and pharynx muscles
128
Vertebral Column
Bone and connective tissue that surrounds and protects spinal cord
129
How many of each vertebrae are there?
```
26 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
```
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Normal curves
4 slight curves in spine
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What portions of the spine are convex
Cervical and lumbar
132
Intervertebral Discs
Between bodies of vertebrae from C2- sacrum
133
What % of spine length is from discs?
25%
134
2 components of intervertebral discs
Annulus Fibrosus
| Nucleus pulpous
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Annulus Fibrosus
Outer fibrocartilage ring of intervertebral discs
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Nucleus pulpous
Inner, soft substance in intervertebral discs
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Vertebral Body
Anterior block mass of bone
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Vertebral Arch
Posterior side of spinal cord
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Pedicle
Short thick processes form base of the vertebral arch
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Laminae
Flat portions just before spinous process form posterior side of vertebral arch
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Vertebral Foramen
Contains spinal cord and meningeal coverings
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Vertebral Notches
Indentations in pedicles
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Intervertebral Foramen
Vertebral notches stacked form opening permitting passage of spinal nerve
144
Transverse process
Postlaterally project from both sides of vertebrae
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Spinous Process
Posteriorly projects from junction of laminae
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2 vertebral processes that are muscle attachment points
transverse
| spinous
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Superior articular process
Join with inferior articular surface of vertebrae above
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Inferior articular process
Join with superior articular process of vertebrae below
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Vertebral facet
Surface of articulating processes covered in hyaline cartilage
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where is the vertebral foramen the biggest?
Cervical vertebrae
151
What vertebrae have transverse formamen?
Cervical
152
What spinous processes are bifid?
C2- C6
153
Atlas
C1- Ring of bone with posterior and anterior arches and large lateral masses
154
Which vertebrae lacks a vertebral body and a spinous process
Atlas
155
What allows us to nod our head
Atlanto- occipital joint in atlas
156
Axis
C2- Has a peg like dens
157
Ondontoid Process
Dens
158
Atlanto- axial joint
Articulation of atlas and dens of axis
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Vertebra Prominens
C7- has a large non bifid spinous process
160
Costal Facet
Articular surface for ribs
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Which vertebrae articulate with ribs
T1- T10
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What articulates with the head of the ribs?
Body of thoracic vertebrae
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What articulates with the tubercles of the ribs?
Costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae
164
Demifacet
Head of rib articulates with body of two adjacent vertebra
165
Which vertebrae have both a superior and inferior costal demifacet?
T2- T8
166
Vertebrocostal Joints
Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs
167
Sacrum
Triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
168
What age does the sacrum fuse together at?
16-30
169
Transverse Lines
4 ridges that mark joining of sacral vertebrae
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Anterior sacral foramina
4 pairs of holes in the sacrum
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Sacral Ala
Lateral wings on the top of the sacrum
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Median Sacral Crest
Fused spinous processes form a ridge down the middle
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Lateral Sacral Crest
Fused transverse processes form lines down the sides
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Posterior Sacral Foramina
4 pairs of holes on the back side
175
Sacral Canal
Continuation of vertebral canal
176
Sacral Hiatus
Laminae of S5 fail to meet and leave a gap on the bottom of posterior side
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Sacral Cornu
Inferior articular process of S5 connects with coccyx
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Apex
Narrow portion on the bottom of sternum
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Base of sternum
Broad portion at the top of the sacrum
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Sacral Promontory
Border of base used for pelvis measurement
181
Auricular Surface
Depression on posterior wings of sacrum join with ilium of hipbone
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Sacroiliac Joint
Auricular surface of sacrum and ilium of hip bone
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Sacral Tuberosity
Depressions on auricular surface for ligament attachment
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Superior articular process of sacrum
Bumps on top that join with L5
185
Lumbosacral Joint
Sacrum joins with lumbar
186
Coccyx
Co1- Co4- Terminal end of vertebral column
187
When does the coccyx fuse
Age 20-30
188
Coccygeal Cornu
Connected by ligaments to sacral cornu
189
Thoracic Cage
Sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
190
Superior Thoracic Aperture
Opening for structures in neck to pass through
191
Sternum
Flat bone in centre of thorax
192
3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
193
Manubrium
Top of sternum
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Xiphoid Process
Bottom of sternum
