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Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart?

A

Rests in mediastinum, on diaphragm near centre of thoracic cavity

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2
Q

How much of the heart is left of the midline?

A

2/3 of the weight

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3
Q

Apex of heart

A

Pointed end formed by tip of left ventricle rests on diaphragm

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4
Q

Base of heart

A

Posterior aspect formed by atria

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5
Q

How many heart beats per day?

A

100,000– 35 mil per year

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6
Q

How many litres of blood are pumped per minute?`

A

5L

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane that surrounds and protects heart

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8
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Pericardium

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9
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Superficial layer, dense irregular connective tissue provides protection and anchors heart to mediastinum

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10
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Thinner layer forms double layer around heart

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11
Q

2 layers of serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer on outside

Visceral layer adhered to heart

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12
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between parietal and visceral layer that is filled with pericardial fluid

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13
Q

How many layers of the heart wall?

A

3

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14
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of the heart composed of 2 tissue layers

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15
Q

2 Tissue layers of the epicardium

A

Outer layer is the visceral layer of pericardium

Inner layer is delicate fibroelastic and elastic tissue

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart made of cardiac muscle. Responsible for pumping

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17
Q

What is the largest layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer made of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue

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19
Q

What connected cardiac muscle fibers?

A

Intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions

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20
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Shorter, less round and with more large mitochondria than skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers recieve blood from veins

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22
Q

Ventricles

A

Two lower chambers eject blood through arteries

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23
Q

Pulmonary Pump

A

Weaker pump consisting of right atrium and right ventricle moves deoxygenated blood through lungs

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24
Q

Systemic Pump

A

Stronger pump made of left atrium and left ventricle. Circulates oxygenated blood

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25
Auricle
Wrinkled pouch on anterior side of atrium increases capacity to hold more blood
26
Sulci
Grooves on surface containing coronary blood vessels and fat mark external boundary between two chambers
27
Coronary Sulcus
Encircles most of heart and marks boundary atria and ventricles
28
Anterior/ Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
Shallow groove is boundary between left and right ventricles
29
3 veins that right atrium recieves from?
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary Sinus
30
Pectinate muscles
Form parallel ridges on anterior side of right atrium
31
Interatrial Septum
Thin partition between right and left atria
32
Fossa Ovalis
Opening on interatrial septum that directs blood to left atrium to bypass fetal lungs
33
Tricuspid Valve
Passes blood from right artium to left atrium
34
Trabeculae Carnae
Ridges formed by bundles of cardiac muscle fibers
35
Chordae Tendineae
Cords connected to cusps of tricuspid valve
36
Papillary Muscles
Cone shaped trabeculae carnae connected to chordae tendineae
37
Interventricular Septum
Partition between right and left ventricles
38
Pulmonary Valve
Blood passes from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk
39
Pulmonary Trunk
Large vessel divides into right and left pulmonary arteries which carry blood to lungs
40
How many veins does the left atrium receive from?
4 pulmonary veins
41
Bicuspid Valve
Blood passes from left atrium into left ventricle
42
What is the thickest heart chamber?
Left ventricle
43
Aortic Valve
Blood passes from left ventricle into ascending aorta
44
Fibrous skeleton
Four dense connective tissue rings surrounding chambers
45
What are the four rings of the fibrous skeleton?
Pulmonary Aortic Right atrioventricular Left atrioventricular
46
Valves
Contract and push blood into a ventricle or out of the heart into an artery
47
Atrioventricular Valves
Between atrium and ventricles. Open and cusps project into ventricle
48
When does blood move in an AV valve?
When the pressure in the atrium is higher than in the ventricle
49
Semilunar Valves
Aortic and pulmonary valves made of 3 half moon cusps
50
Function of SL valve
Eject blood into arteries and prevent backflow into ventricles
51
When does blood move in an SL valve?
When the pressure is higher in the ventricle than in the artery
52
What happens when ventricles contract?
Pressure builds in chambers and valves open
53
Systemic Circulation
Oxygenated blood flows from left ventricle trough aorta to all organs and return through right atrium
54
Order of vessels in systemic circulation
Aorta Systemic arteries Arterioles Systemic capillaries
55
Venules
Carry deoxygenated blood away from tissues
56
Pulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns to left atrium
57
Order of vessels in pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary capillaries
58
Coronary Circulation
Hearts blood supply through vessels that pierce myocardium
59
Coronary Arteries
Branch from ascending aorta and supply heart with oxygenated blood when heart is relaxed
60
Left coronary artery
Inferior to left auricle. Divides into interventricular and circumflex branches
61
Anterior Interventricular Branch
Branch of left coronary artery in anterior interventricular sulcus supplies both ventricles
62
Circumflex branch
Branch of left coronary artery in coronary sulcus that supplies left ventricle and left atrium
63
Right Coronary artery
Supplies small branches to right atrium. Inferior to right auricle and divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches
64
Posterior Interventricular Branch
Follows posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricles
65
Marginal Branch
Along margin of the heart and supplies right ventricle
66
Anastomoses
Artery connection provide collateral circulation if passage become blocked
67
Coronary Veins
Deoxygenated blood drains into vascular sinus
68
Coronary sinus
Empties into right atrium
69
Great cardiac vein
In anterior interventricular sulcus which drains ventricles and left atrium
70
Middle cardiac vein
In posterior interventricular sulcus and drains ventricles
71
Small cardiac vein
In coronary sulcus and drains right atrium and right ventricle
72
Anterior cardiac veins
Drains right ventricle and opens directly into right atrium
73
Autorhythmic Cells
Repeatedly and rhythmically generate action potentials even when outside body
74
Cardiac Conduction system
Delivers action potentials and stimulates chambers to contract in coordination
75
Sequence of Cardiac conduction system
``` Sinoarterial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle Right/ left bundle branches Purkinje Fibers ```
76
Sinoarterial Node
Makes two atria contract at the same time
77
Atrioventricular Node
Action potential slows and delay alows atria to empty blood into vesicles
78
Where is the only site that action potentials can conduct from atria to ventricles?
Bundle of His
79
Electrocardiogram
Composite of action potentials produced by nodal and contractile cells
80
Cardiac Cycle
Events of one heart beat
81
Which chambers contract first?
Atria
82
Systole
Contraction phase of a heart chamber
83
Diastole
Phase of relaxation
84
Sequence of Cardiac Cycle
Relaxation period Atrial Systole Ventricular Systole
85
Relaxation Period
all chambers are in diastole. Ventricle pressure drops and blood rushes back towards ventricles.
86
What valves are open during Atrial Systole?
AV valves
87
Membrane Potential
Membrane of excitable cells have a difference in electrical potential on either side
88
Polarized
Negative ions build up cytosol and positive ions build up in extracellular fluid
89
Depolarization
Reduction in membrane potential when inside becomes less negative than resting membrane potential
90
Action potential
Decrease and reverse resting potential and restore it to resting state
91
Sequence of waves in heart beat
P QRS T
92
P wave
Spread of depolarization from SA node to atria followed by atrial contraction
93
QRS wave
Spread of depolarization through ventricles followed by contraction
94
T wave
Indicated ventricle repolarization

Anatomy (9 decks)

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