B1 - Cell Structure and Transport

Question 1

What is the function of a cell wall?

Answer 1

The outer layer of a plant cell which strengthens and supports the cell

Question 2

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 2

Control centre of the cell and contains all the DNA

Question 3

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Controls what enters and leaves the cells

Question 4

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 4

The site of protein synthesis

Question 5

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 5

The site of aerobic respiration (release of energy from food)

Question 6

What is the function of the Chloroplasts?

Answer 6

Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

Question 7

What is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

Answer 7

It stores cell sap

Question 8

In which type of cell would you find a cell wall?

Answer 8

Plant cell only

Question 9

In which type of cell would you find ribsomes?

Answer 9

Both animal and plant cells

Question 10

Name 3 differences between plant cells and animal cells

Answer 10

Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacuole and chloroplasts whereas an animal cell does not.

Question 11

How do you calculate the total magnification using a microscope?

Answer 11

Total magnification = Eyepiece lens x objective lens

Question 12

Define resolution

Answer 12

the ability of a microscope to distinguish how clear the details are of a specimen

Question 13

Define magnification

Answer 13

how much bigger an image is made, compared to it’s actual size.

Question 14

What microscope do you use for viewing small organelles like ribosomes?

Answer 14

An electron microscope

Question 15

What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 15

circular chromosomes which is NOT enclosed by a nucleus

Question 16

What type of DNA do eukaryotic cells have?

Answer 16

Lots of linear (straight) chromosomes which are enclosed by a nucleus

Question 17

How do you calculate the magnification when using size?

Answer 17

. Size of image
Magnification = ————————
Real size of
Object

Question 18

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope

Answer 18

It has higher magnification
It has higher resolution

Question 19

What are examples of Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 19

Animal cells
Plant cells

Question 20

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 20

Bacteria cells

Question 21

What are the three factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 21

The concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area

Question 22

What does it mean if a cell membrane is partially permable?

Answer 22

Only some particles can diffuse through them

Question 23

Why does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 23

Higher temperatures gives the particles more energy and make them move faster

Question 24

Why does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 24

A larger surface area would be a higher rate of diffusion
as there is more area for the particles to pass

Question 25

What is Diffusion?

Answer 25

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration, to an area of lower concentration

Question 26

What does net movement mean?

Answer 26

The Overall movement

Question 27

How does the concentration gradeint affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 27

the larger the concentration gradient (a bigger difference in particles), the faster the rate of diffusion will be

Question 28

What is Osmosis

Answer 28

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

Question 29

What are solutes?

Answer 29

Dissolved particles like sugar or salt

Question 30

What is Osmosis in terms of Diffusion?

Answer 30

It is The Diffusion of Water Molecules

Question 31

What is active transport?

Answer 31

The movement of molecules across a mebrane, from a region of low concentration, to a region of high concentration that requires energy from cellular respiration

Question 32

what does active transport need to move?

Answer 32

Energy from respiration

Question 33

Which process provides the energy required for active transport?

Answer 33

Respiration

Question 34

Where do plants absorb mineral ions from?

Answer 34

The soil

Question 35

What does chlorophyll do in the chlorplasts?

Answer 35

Absorb light so plants can make food by photosynthesis

Question 36

Why do root hair cells not need chloroplasts?

Answer 36

They are underground so they dont photosynthesise

Question 37

Do all plants have chlorophyll?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

What does a eukaryotic cell's stucture include?

Answer 38

A cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

Question 39

What does a prokaryotic cell's stucture include?

Answer 39

A cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall Circular chromosomes not enclosed by a nucleus

Question 40

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

Answer 40

Streamlined head and long flagella to aid with swimming Carries digetive enzymes in its head to digest the egg cell membrane

Question 41

How are nerve cells adapted for their function?

Answer 41

The axon is long which means the impulses can be carried along long distances Branched connections to make a network in the body

Question 42

How are muscle cells adapted for their function?

Answer 42

Long for efficient contraction and have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

Question 43

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

Answer 43

Have a large surface area so more water can be absorbed by osmosis Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

Question 44

How are xylem cells adapted for their function?

Answer 44

joined end-to-end to form a hollow continuous tube so water and mineral ions can move through

Question 45

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

Answer 45

Have few organelles so food can move faster

Question 46

What is the function of sperm cells?

Answer 46

To fertilise the egg cell for reproduction

Question 47

What is the function of nerve cells?

Answer 47

Transmits electrical impulses

Question 48

What is the function of muscle cells?

Answer 48

For movement by contraction/relaxation Generating heat

Question 49

What is the function of xylem cells in a plant?

Answer 49

To transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the shoots in a plant

Question 50

What are plasmids?

Answer 50

Circles of DNA that contain non-essential genes

Question 51

What is the nucleus structure of a bacterial cell?

Answer 51

No nucleus, only a single circulated, strand of DNA in cytoplasm

Question 52

Why is diffusion decribed as a 'passive process'?

Answer 52

It doesnt require any energy from the cell

Question 53

Why is active transport decribed as an 'active process'?

Answer 53

It requires energy from the cell

Question 54

Why do root hair cells have lots of mitchondria?

Answer 54

To absorb mineral ions by active transport

Question 55

Using a diagram, why do bacterial cells not contain mitochondria?

Answer 55

Bacterial cells are about the same size as a mitochondrion - no room

Question 56

What are Eukaryotes made up of?

Answer 56

Eukaryotic cells

Question 57

What are Prokaryotes made up of?

Answer 57

Prokaryotic cells

Question 58

What is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 58

Cellulose

Question 59

What is cell sap?

Answer 59

A weak solution of sugar and salts

Question 60

What do light microscopes help us see?

Answer 60

Individual cells Large subcellular structures (like nuclei)

Question 61

How do convert from micrometers to millimetres?

Answer 61

Divide by 1000

Question 62

How do you convert from miilmetres to micrometres?

Answer 62

Multiply by 1000

Question 63

What is a slide in microscopy?

Answer 63

A clear strip of glass which the specimen is mounted on

Question 64

How do prepare a slide to view onion cells in microscopy?

Answer 64

Add drop of water to the slide Use tweezers to peel epidermal tissue of the onion Place that onto the slide and add a drop of iodine solution Place a cover slip on top.

Question 65

Why do you add iodine solution to the epidermal layer of an onion when doing a microscopy practical?

Answer 65

Iodine solution is a stain Stains highlight the internal structures in a cell by giving them colour

Question 66

How do you use a light microscope in microscopy?

Answer 66

1. Clip the prepared slide onto the stage 2. Select the lowest-powered objective lens and use the adjustment knob to move the stage up 3. Look down eyepiece and use the adjustment knob until image is roughly in focus 4. Use fine adjustment knob until image is clear 5. Toggle magnification power if needed

Question 67

Why dont you bring the stage all the way up when doing a microscopy experiment?

Answer 67

You dont want to touch the objective lens

Question 68

What will happen to the mass of a potato that is added to a concentrated salt solution?

Answer 68

Water will move out the potato by osmosis, meaning the mass will decrease

Question 69

What is the purpose of active transport in the blood?

Answer 69

Transporting nutrients into the blood stream even when the blood has a higher concentration

Question 70

When a red blood cell and a plant cell are put into a beaker, the red blood cell bursts while the plant cell does not. Why is this?

Answer 70

Water enters the cells by osmosis Thry both will swell Plant cell wont burst as it has a cell wall

Question 71

Plant cells use osmosis to absorb _______ Plant cells use acrive transport to absorb __________

Answer 71

Water Mineral ions

Question 72

Suggest why a student couldnt see any cells when looking through a microscope

Answer 72

The objective lens was dirty

Question 73

The chromosomes contain the genetic material. Name the chemical which the genetic material is made from.

Answer 73

DNA

Question 74

A student put a thick layer of cells onto a sample Explain why the student was unable to observe the cells with a microscope?

Answer 74

The light couldn't pass through