B13 - Reproduction

Question 1

What are gametes?

Answer 1

Sex cells where they’re chromosomes are not paired. (They have 23 not 46)

Question 2

What are the gametes for humans?

Answer 2

Sperm cells and egg cells

Question 3

How are gametes made?

Answer 3

By meiosis

Question 4

What are the gametes in plants?

Answer 4

Pollen and egg cells

Question 5

Which sex chromosomes do woman have and which ones do men have?

Answer 5

Women have XX chromosomes
Men have XY chromsomes

Question 6

What type of reproduction do animals and plants go under?

Answer 6

Sexual reproduction

Question 7

Why is DNA called a polymer?

Answer 7

Its made up of lots of identical units (called nucleotides) joined together

Question 8

What type of structure does DNA have?

Answer 8

A double helix structure

Question 9

What is a gene?

Answer 9

A small section of DNA that codes for a specific type of protein

Question 10

What is a gene in simple terms?

Answer 10

A small segment of a chromosome

Question 11

What is a genome?

Answer 11

The entire set of genetic material in an organism

Question 12

What can you do with genomes?

Answer 12

Trace the migration of our ancestors
Identify genes that cause or inherit disease

Question 13

What are alleles?

Answer 13

Different versions of the same gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic

Question 15

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 15

Same alleles

Question 16

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 16

Different alleles

Question 17

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 17

Different alleles

Question 18

What does genotype mean?

Answer 18

The allele pair for each characteristic

(The alleles broken down from the phenotypes)

Question 19

What is the phenotype?

Answer 19

The physical expression of the allele pair

(Straight hair)

Question 20

What allele is shown with a capital letter

Answer 20

The dominant allele

Question 21

What allele is shown as a lowercase letter?

Answer 21

A Recessive allele

Question 22

What type of allele is this: RR

Answer 22

Dominant

Question 23

What type of allele is this: Rr

Answer 23

Dominant

Question 24

What type of allele is this: rr

Answer 24

Recessive

Question 25

What method do we use to find out the gene a child might have?

Answer 25

A Punett Square

Question 26

RR x RR

Answer 26

Dominant 100% R

Question 27

Rr x Rr

Answer 27

Offspring: 75% R 25% r 3:1

Question 28

Rr x rr

Answer 28

Offspring: 50% R 50% r 1:1

Question 29

rr x rr

Answer 29

Offspring 100% r

Question 30

What is a chromosome?

Answer 30

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

Question 31

What is a chromosome made up of?

Answer 31

Proteins and DNA organized into genes

Question 32

How many pairs of chromosones are in each cell for humans?

Answer 32

23 pairs (2 in each)

Question 33

What is the total amount of chromosones a human has?

Answer 33

46 (23 pairs of 2)

Question 34

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 34

DNA

Question 35

What does reproduction mean?

Answer 35

the ability to make members of a species called 'offspring'

Question 36

Which 2 ways can reproduction be achieved

Answer 36

Sexually and Asexually

Question 37

What is a genetic disorder?

Answer 37

A disease caused by a faulty gene or chromosone

Question 38

What is a recessive genetic disorder?

Answer 38

where the individual has inherited 2 faulty alleles, one from Mum and one from Dad

Question 39

What is a dominant genetic disorder?

Answer 39

where the individual has inherited ONE faulty alleles. Either from Mum or Dad.

Question 40

What is cyctic fibrosis?

Answer 40

An inherited disease that affect the lungs and the digestive system. REDO

Question 41

How do you get cystic firbrosis?

Answer 41

You would of had to inherit two recessive alleles of cystic fibrosis

Question 42

Examples of genetically inherited disorders

Answer 42

Cystic fibrosis Haemophilia Polydactyly

Question 43

Which allele is cystic fibrosis caused by?

Answer 43

The recessive allele

Question 44

How many copies do you need to get cistic fibtosis?

Answer 44

Two copies of the allele to have the disorder

Question 45

If a person has one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of ghe recessive allele, they are called a .............

Answer 45

Carrier

Question 46

Bossman fell over when he was young and now has a scar on his arm. What type of variation is this?

Answer 46

Environmental vaeiation

Question 47

Raj's blood group is AB. Was this genetically or environmentally inherited?

Answer 47

Genetically inherited

Question 48

What is the chemical that all genetic material is made up of?

Answer 48

DNA

Question 50

What does each gene in DNA code for specifically?

Answer 50

Codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which make a specific protein

Question 51

How many amino acids are used to code for a specific protein?

Answer 51

Only 20

Question 53

DNA strands are polymers made up of lots of repeating units. What are these units (monomers) called?

Answer 53

Nucleotides

Question 54

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Answer 54

A sugar, a phosphate group and one base

Question 55

What do the sugar and phosphate groups in rhe nucleotides form?

Answer 55

A backbone for the DNA strands

Question 56

What are the pairs in a complementary bade pairing?

Answer 56

A always pairs with T C always pairs with G

Question 57

What is each group of bases called!

Answer 57

A triplet

Question 58

What is a genetic code?

Answer 58

A sequence of bases

Question 59

What does a triplet code for?

Answer 59

A specific amino acid

Question 60

Because each protein is made from a different sequence of amino acids, what would this mean?

Answer 60

Each would have a unique shape and carry out a particular function

Question 61

What are the main uses of proteins?

Answer 61

Enzymes as biological catalysts Hormones that send messages around the body Structural proteins that strengthen cells

Question 62

What is simple definition of protein synthesis?

Answer 62

The process of making proteins

Question 63

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 63

Transcription and translation

Question 64

What is transcription (the first step of protein synthesis) ?

Answer 64

The process of taking a single gene of DNA and copying it into a structure called mRNA

Question 65

What is translation (the second step of protein synthesis) ?

Answer 65

The process of taking the mRNA strand (from transcription) and using it to produce a protein

Question 66

To make a particular protein, what does the specific sequence of bases need to be read by?

Answer 66

Ribosomes

Question 67

A specific sequence of bases need to be read by ribosomes in order to make a particular protein. How does this happen?

Answer 67

Since the Ribosomes are outside the nucleus, a copy of the gene is made so that it can be small enough to leave the nucleus. This copy is called mRNA

Question 68

What are 3 differences between DNA and mRNA?

Answer 68

mRNA is much shorter than DNA mRNA is only a single strand unlike how DNA is a double strand Instead of containing the base 'thymine', mRNA contains 'uracil'

Question 69

What is a mutation? (B13)

Answer 69

A change in the DNA base sequence For example TAC --> TAG

Question 70

How often does mutation in DNA occur?

Answer 70

Spontaneously in our cells all the time

Question 71

What are two things that increase the risk of mutation? (BUT NOT CAUSE)

Answer 71

Carcinogens - harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke Radiation - like x-rays and gamma rahs

Question 72

What are the three specific types of mutation?

Answer 72

Substiutions Insertions Deletions

Question 75

What is polyactyly?

Answer 75

An inherited disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes

Question 76

What is polydactyly caused by?

Answer 76

A dominant allele

Question 77

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 77

An inherited disorder causing overproduction of thick sticky mucus which leads to breathing and digestive problems