B6 - Preventing and Treating Disease

Question 1

What do plants need from the soil to be healthy?

Answer 1

Ions

Question 2

If there isnt enough ions from the soil, What happens to the plant?

Answer 2

They can suffer from dificiency symptoms

Question 3

If there isnt enough nitrates, what happens to the plant?

Answer 3

Stunted growth

Question 4

If there isnt enough magnesium, what happens to the plant?

Answer 4

Yellow leaves

Question 5

What type of defences do plants have to stop pathogens?

Answer 5

Physical, chemical and mechanical defenses

Question 6

What are some symptoms a plant may have when it is infected with a disease?

Answer 6

Stunted growth
Spots on the leaves
Abnormal growth
Discolouration of the leaves

Question 7

Where would you find the physical defensive system on a plant?

Answer 7

Wavy cuticle
Cells walls
Layers of dead cells

Question 8

Where would you find the mechanical defensive system of a plant?

Answer 8

Thorns
Hairs
Some plants mimic other organisms

Question 9

How can painkillers manage disease?

Answer 9

Relieve pain and treat symptoms BUT do not kill the pathogens that cause it

Question 10

What can painkillers NOT do?

Answer 10

Kill the pathogens that cause the disease

Question 11

Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it?

Answer 11

Alexander Flemming discovered Penicillin

Question 12

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 12

They kill the bacteria that cause disease
Damaging bacterial cells and fungi cells without harming your own cells

Question 13

How are antibiotics administered for common to mild diseases?

Answer 13

Taking a pill or syrup

Question 14

How can antibiotics be administered for serious illness and disease?

Answer 14

It can injected straight into your bloodstream

Question 15

Which Pathogens are susceptible to treatment with antibiotics?

Answer 15

Fungi and bacteria

Question 16

Fungi and bacteria have become susceptible to some antibiotics.
What does this mean?

Answer 16

They have evolved to be resistent towards them

Question 17

Which pathogen is NOT susceptible to antibiotics?

Answer 17

Viruses

Question 18

Some antibiotics are ‘broad spectrum’.
What does this mean?

Answer 18

They can kill a wide range of bacteria unspecifically

Question 19

What happens when patients dont finish their antibiotics course?

Answer 19

Antibiotic ressistent strains of bacteria can evolve

Question 20

What is Digitalis?

Answer 20

A drug used to help strengthen the heartbeat

Question 21

Why are chemicals produced by plants (for defense) useful for humans?

Answer 21

It can be used ro treat human diseases or help diseases

Question 22

Where does the drug ‘digitalis’ come from?

Answer 22

Extracted from floxglove plants

Question 23

What is Aspirin?

Answer 23

A drug used as an everyday painkiller for aches and pains

Question 24

Where does the drug ‘Aspirin’ come from?

Answer 24

A compound found in willow trees

Question 25

What is Penicillin?

Answer 25

An antibiotic used to kill bacteria and cure infectious diseases

Question 26

Where does the anribiotic 'Penicillin' come from?

Answer 26

A mould called 'Penecillium'

Question 27

What three things do drugs needed to be tested for before they can be licensed for use?

Answer 27

Toxicity Efficacy Dosage

Question 28

Before a deug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for toxicity. What does this mean?

Answer 28

To test if they are toxic

Question 29

Before a drug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for Efficacy. What does this mean?

Answer 29

To test if they do their job

Question 30

Before a drug can be licensed for use, they need to be tested for their Dosage. What does this mean?

Answer 30

To test the safe and recommended amount of a drugs a human should take

Question 31

What happens in 'preclinical testing' when developing and testing a new drug?

Answer 31

The first stage where drugs are tested on human cells and tissues, and sometimes live animals

Question 32

What happens in 'clinical testing' when developing and testing a new drug?

Answer 32

Second stage where very low doses are given to healthy people. If the drug is safe, it is tested on people who have the disease

Question 33

What happens in the 'licensing stage' when developing and testing a new drug?

Answer 33

Granting or recieving permission to research, develop and distribute the drug

Question 34

What does 'Placebo' mean in Clinical testing?

Answer 34

Placebo is a substance that is like the drug but does not do anything

Question 35

What is the 'Placebo effect' mean in Clinical testing?

Answer 35

A phycological experiment where a patients physical/ mental health improves after taking a 'Placebo' treatment (they think its real)

Question 36

What is a 'Blind Trial' in Clinical testing?

Answer 36

When the patient does not know if they are recieving the drug or the Placebo

Question 37

What is a 'Double Blind Trial' in Clinical testing?

Answer 37

When both the doctor and patient dont know whether the patient is getting the drug or Placebo

Question 38

What is cancer caused by?

Answer 38

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

Question 39

All tumors are cancerous True or False

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What is a Benign tumor?

Answer 40

A harmless tumor that grows until there is no room

Question 41

What is a Malignant tumor?

Answer 41

Dangerous tumors that grow and spread to neighbouring healthy tissues

Question 42

What are some lifestyle factors that increase the risk of developing cancer?

Answer 42

Smoking Obesity UV exposure

Question 43

What are B-lymphocytes?

Answer 43

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

Question 44

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 44

Protiens produced by engineered cells called hybridomas

Question 45

Describe the steps involved in producing a large quantity of monoclonal antibodies for a specific antigen.

Answer 45

Scientists stimulate the B-lymphovytes of a kouse to produce specific antibodies These B-lymphocytes are combined with a specific tumour cell to create a hybridoma cell These single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce lots of identical cells taht produce the same antibody Large quantities of the antibodies are collected and purified for further use

Question 46

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 46

Helping immune system attack cancer cells To carry radioactive substances for radiation therapy

Question 47

What are the advantages of using monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 47

Can treat a wide range of conditions Only binds to specific cells that need treatment

Question 48

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 48

Carreid in the blood so possibility it affects healthy cells Very expensive to develop Side effects

Question 49

Describe ways the human body defends against infection from airborne diseases

Answer 49

The mucus and cilia in the trachea trap pathogens The mucus and hairs in the nose trap pathogens

Question 50

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a specific cancer.

Answer 50

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to bind to a specific cancer cells antigens The can deliver toxins and radioactive substances to the cancer cell to kill it without harming healthy cells