b1 keeping healthy

Question 1

What are the 7 components of a balanced diet?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibre, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Question 2

What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?

Answer 2

Provide energy.

Question 3

What is the function of proteins in the body?

Answer 3

Growth and repair of tissues; making enzymes and hormones.

Question 4

What is the function of fats in the body?

Answer 4

Energy storage, insulation, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 5

What is the function of fibre in the body?

Answer 5

Aids digestion by helping food move through the gut and preventing constipation.

Question 6

What is the function of vitamins in the body?

Answer 6

Support key body functions, e.g., vitamin C helps immune system; vitamin D strengthens bones.

Question 7

What is the function of minerals in the body?

Answer 7

Needed for healthy bodily function, e.g., iron helps carry oxygen in red blood cells.

Question 8

What is the function of water in the body?

Answer 8

Prevents dehydration, helps chemical reactions, and transports substances.

Question 9

What is malnutrition?

Answer 9

A condition caused by an unbalanced diet — too much or too little of certain nutrients.

Question 10

What is obesity and why is it dangerous?

Answer 10

Excess body fat. It increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.

Question 11

What is a deficiency disease?

Answer 11

A disease caused by not getting enough of a specific nutrient (e.g., scurvy from vitamin C deficiency).

Question 12

What is metabolic rate?

Answer 12

The speed at which chemical reactions happen in the body.

Question 13

What factors affect metabolic rate?

Answer 13

Genetics, muscle-to-fat ratio, age, gender, and activity level.

Question 14

How does exercise improve health?

Answer 14

Strengthens heart, burns fat, reduces cholesterol, prevents obesity.

Question 15

What is cholesterol?

Answer 15

A fatty substance in the blood; essential but too much can block arteries.

Question 16

What is the difference between LDL and HDL cholesterol?

Answer 16

LDL = bad (causes build-up), HDL = good (removes excess cholesterol).

Question 17

How do inherited factors affect your health?

Answer 17

They can influence metabolic rate and cholesterol levels.

Question 18

What is a pathogen?

Answer 18

A microorganism that causes disease (e.g., bacteria, viruses).

Question 19

How do bacteria cause disease?

Answer 19

By releasing toxins and reproducing rapidly.

Question 20

How do viruses cause disease?

Answer 20

They reproduce inside body cells, causing cell damage.

Question 21

How do pathogens spread between people?

Answer 21

Through air (e.g. coughing), water, direct contact, or contaminated surfaces.

Question 22

What is immunity?

Answer 22

When the body can quickly fight off a pathogen because it remembers it.

Question 23

What is the first line of defence against pathogens?

Answer 23

Physical and chemical barriers: skin, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, nose hairs.

Question 24

How do white blood cells defend the body?

Answer 24

1. Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis), 2. Produce antibodies, 3. Produce antitoxins.

Question 25

What do antibodies do?

Answer 25

Bind to pathogens and help destroy them. They are specific to each pathogen.

Question 26

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 26

Neutralise toxins released by pathogens.

Question 27

How do vaccines protect against disease?

Answer 27

They contain dead or inactive pathogens that stimulate the production of antibodies.

Question 28

What happens if the real pathogen enters after vaccination?

Answer 28

White blood cells produce the correct antibodies quickly to destroy it.

Question 29

What is herd immunity?

Answer 29

When enough people are immune, it helps protect those who aren't vaccinated.

Question 30

What do painkillers do?

Answer 30

Relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens.

Question 31

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 31

Kill bacteria without harming body cells.

Question 32

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

Answer 32

Viruses live inside body cells, so antibiotics can’t reach them without damaging cells.

Question 33

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 33

When bacteria mutate and survive antibiotic treatment, making them harder to kill.

Question 34

What is MRSA?

Answer 34

A strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Question 35

How can we reduce antibiotic resistance?

Answer 35

Avoid overusing antibiotics, complete the full course, and don’t use them for viral infections.

Question 36

Why are new drugs tested?

Answer 36

To check for safety, effectiveness, and correct dosage.

Question 37

What is a placebo?

Answer 37

A dummy treatment used to compare results in clinical trials.

Question 38

What is a double-blind trial?

Answer 38

A trial where neither the patient nor doctor knows who is receiving the real drug.

Question 39

What are the stages of drug testing?

Answer 39

1. Preclinical (lab tests on cells/animals), 2. Clinical (tested on humans: healthy volunteers → patients).

Question 40

How does lifestyle lead to Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 40

A poor diet and lack of exercise can cause obesity, which increases insulin resistance. The body cannot properly regulate blood sugar.