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biology > B11 > Flashcards

B11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

the endocrine system is another response system in the human body. its made up of hormones and glands

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2
Q

what is a hormone

A

A hormone is special chemical messenger secreted by glands

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3
Q

how do hormones travel around the body

A

through the bloodstream

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4
Q

is the endocrine system faster than the nervous system

A

no

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5
Q

3 differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

endocrine system is slower, longer lasting and uses chemicals

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6
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

in the brain

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7
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

at the base of the neck

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8
Q

where is the adrenal gland located

A

just above the kidneys

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9
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

middle of the stomach

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10
Q

what hormones do the pituitary gland produce and the roles of the hormone

A

ADH - causes blood water levels to rise
FSH - cause the egg to mature
LH - causes ovulation of the egg
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone

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11
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce

A

Thyroxine - controls the metabolic rate

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12
Q

what hormone does the adrenal gland produce

A

adrenaline - stimulates the fight or flight response

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13
Q

what hormones do the pancreas make

A

insulin - converts glucose to glycogen
glucagon - converts glycogen to glucose

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14
Q

what hormones do the ovaries make

A

oestrogen - repairing the uterus lining
progesterone - maintains the uterus lining

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15
Q

what hormones do the testicles produce

A

testosterone - used in the production of sperm

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16
Q

what happens if the glucose levels are too high

A

insulin is released by the pancreas and so the glucose moves into the cells and is converted into glycogen. glycogen is then stored in the muscles and the liver. blood glucose levels fall

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17
Q

what happens if the blood sugar levels are too low

A

glucagon is released. glycogen is converted into glucose. blood glucose levels are risen.

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18
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

its when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

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19
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

its when the body doesn’t respond to the insulin produced

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20
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated

A

by using insulin injections

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21
Q

how is type 2 diabetes treated

A

by regular exercise, a healthy diet and losing weight

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22
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a loop when the opposite of a stimuli happens to bring levels back to normal

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23
Q

the thyroid negative feedback loop in detail please

A

The pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormones which go to the thyroid gland.
This causes the thyroid gland to make thyroxine which go to the target cells.
When thyroxine levels in blood get higher than the threshold,
Thyroxine levels are detected by the pituitary gland.
This inhibits (stops) the production of TSH.
When TSH levels decrease, the thyroid gland stops producing thyroxine.
When thyroxine levels decrease, this triggers the pituitary gland to start
producing TSH again. This is a negative feedback loop.

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24
Q

what does adrenaline do to the body to prepare it for the fight or flight response

A

increase blood sugar levels, heart rate and the delivery of oxygen.

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25
which one is controlled by negative feedback: adrenaline or thyroxine
thyroxine is controlled by negative feedback; adrenaline is not
26
how long is a menstrual cycle
28 days
27
what effect does oestrogen have on other hormones
oestrogen stops the production of FSH
28
what effect does FSH have on other hormones?
FSH causes the ovaries to start making oestrogen
28
what effect does oestrogen have on other hormones (not fsh) ?
rise in oestrogen levels causes the pituitary gland to start making LH which then causes ovulation to occur.
29
what effect does progesterone have on other hormones?
progesterone inhibits the production of H
30
when is LH highest in the menstrual cycle
during ovulation at day 14
31
why does oestrogen levels increase from days 1 - 14
to cause the uterus lining to thicken
32
why does the progesterone levels increase after day 14 in the menstrual cycle
maintains the uterus lining
33
what happens if the progesterone levels fall in the menstrual cycle
it causes the uterus lining to break down (menstruation)
34
what is glycogen
a complex carbohydrate found mostly in muscles and the liver
35
what is conception
when the sperm breaches the egg and fertilises it. this is also known as fertilisation.
36
what is contraception
preventing the sperm from moving through the female reproductive system
37
what are contraceptive methods
methods or ways to stop fertilisation or pregnancy from taking place. these ways can me chemical, natural, mechanical and surgical
38
what are some hormonal contraceptives
mixed pill - contains oestrogen and progesterone which inhibits the production of FSH which causes the egg to stop maturing. this also causes the pituitary gland to start making LH which causes the unmatured egg to be released from the follicle. progesterone only pill - thickens the mucus in the cervix to stop the sperm from reaching the egg. contraceptive implant - its a tube inserted underneath your skin which slowly releases progesterone which thickens the mucus in the cervix to stop the sperm from reaching the egg
39
what are some chemical based contraception
spermicide - used to kill/disable the sperm IUD - releases copper into the womb killing the sperm entered
40
what are some mechanical based contraceptives
male condom - used to stop the sperm from entering the vagina female condom - used to stop the sperm from entering the vagina
41
what are some surgical based contraception
female sterilisation - involves blocking the fallopian tubes male sterilisation (also known as a vasectomy) - tubes carrying the sperm from the testicles are cut/blocked/sealed off
42
what are some other contraceptive methods
abstinence - abstaining from sex
43
what is infertillity
the inability to have a child
44
what are some fertility treatments for a women
fertility drugs - a pill which contains FSH and LH
45
what is IVF (in vitro fertilisation)
IVF is a procedure for fertility treatment in which the egg gets fertilised in a lab and is the placed back into the mother
46
explain the steps that happen in IVF
1. FSH and LH are given to the mother so several eggs can mature and be used in IVF 2. the eggs are collected from the mother and are then placed back into a petri dish with some sperm from the father 3. eggs are double checked to make sure they are fertilised 4. the fertilised eggs then turn into small embryos (around 4 cells in total) 5.these embryos are then placed back into the mothers' uterus
47
what are some disadvantages of IVF
1. can give multiple births 2. risk of still births 3. pricey procedure 4. IVF is not always successful
48
what are some advantages of IVF
1. can give couples a chance to have their own child 2. matured egg produced by the women can be stored and used at a later date
49
what is tropism
growth in response to a stimuli
50
what is phototropism
when a plant grows in response to light
51
what is gravitropism
growth of a plant in response to the pull of gravity
52
what is gravitropism also called
geotropism
53
where does positive phototropism take place
positive phototropism takes place in the growing tips/shoots of a plant when it grows towards the direction of the sunlight as it gives the plant the ability to get more sunlight
54
where does positive geotropism take place
in the roots of a plant where the roots grow towards the force of gravity as it gives them a higher chance of finding minerals
55
where does negative geotropism take place
it takes place in the shoot tips which cause the plant to grow taller and negative geotropism is important for the tips as it gives the plant a higher chance of finding sunlight
56
where does negative phototropism take place
in the roots of a plant. this is important for the plant as it'll help the roots not dry out from the sunlight
57
what is auxin
auxin is a growth hormone in a plant
58
how does auxin work?
auxin works by growing the area of the plant where the auxin is. e.g if in a shoot tip all the auxin is on the left the left side of the shoot will grow more than the right side causing the shoot to droop to the right side
59
how does auxin work in positive phototropism
auxin will diffuse away from the side of the shoot with the most light. this causes the side of the shoot with the little light to grow more than the side with more light. this will cause the shoot to tilt to the side with more light causing the plant to get more light.
60
what happens to the hormone gibberellins during germination
gibberellins breaks down starch and converts it into sugars to be used for energy by the plant.
61
what does gibberellins do to fruit?
gibberellins stimulates the flowering and the production of fruit and is used to make the fruit seedless or have little seeds and is used to control seed dormancy in plants
62
how can auxins be used as weed killers
auxin is spread around the area where the weeds grow. this causes the weed to grow large which then causes the weed to grow large fast an so the weed takes in the weed killer from the soil and therefore killing the plant
63
what is the function of the hormone Ethelyn in the use of fruits and stuff
Ethelyn breaks down the plant cell wall making the fruit softer. It also converts starch into sugars so it makes the fruit sweeter too. it also helps fruits to ripen quicker.
64
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biology (17 decks)

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