24-26 IB Biology Year 1 > B3.2 HL only > Flashcards

B3.2 HL only Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Blood plasma

A

the liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells and carries various substances throughout the body

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2
Q

pressure filtration

A

the process where fluid and dissolved substances are forced across a semi-permeable membrane due to a pressure difference

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3
Q

tissue fluid

A

a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds cells and tissues in the body.It’s derived from blood plasma and acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and cells

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4
Q

venules

A

the smallest veins in the body, acting as a bridge between capillaries and larger veins.They receive blood from capillaries and carry it towards the heart.

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5
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that plays a vital role in fluid balance, immune function, and fat absorption

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6
Q

Na+/ K+ pump

A

an enzyme found in the cell membrane of animal cells.It actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell, against their concentration gradients, using energy from ATP

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7
Q

lymph ducts

A

the large lymphatic vessels that transport lymph (a fluid that carries white blood cells and other substances) from lymphatic vessels and nodes back into the bloodstream, specifically into the subclavian veins near the base of the neck

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8
Q

subclavian veins

A

a deep vein and is the major venous channel that drains the upper extremities

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9
Q

lymph

A

a clear or slightly yellowish fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system

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10
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, bean-shaped organs of the lymphatic system that filter substances like bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells from the lymphatic fluid

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11
Q

leukocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system.They are essential for defending against infections and diseases by targeting and destroying foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells

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12
Q

tonsils

A

encapsulated lymphoid structures with specialized crypt epithelium that increases surface area for antigen capture

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13
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

tiny, thin-walled vessels of the lymphatic system that collect excess fluid and waste from tissues and return it to the bloodstream

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14
Q

lymph vessels

A

a network of thin tubes that transport lymph fluid throughout the body

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15
Q

Single circulation system

A

a circulatory system where blood passes through the heart only once during each complete circuit of the body.In this system, blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organs (gills in fish) to pick up oxygen, then directly to the rest of the body, before returning to the heart

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16
Q

Double circulation system

A

a circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice during one complete circuit of the body.In mammals, this means blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated, then returns to the heart before being pumped to the rest of the body.

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17
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

the part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs

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18
Q

Systemeic circuit

A

the part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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19
Q

mammalian heart

A

a muscular organ that serves as the central pump of the circulatory system, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body

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20
Q

myogenic node

A

the signal for cardiac compression arises within the heart tissue itself

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21
Q

cardiac muscle

A

a specialized type of muscle tissue found only in the heart. This involuntary, striated muscle contracts and relaxes rhythmically without conscious control.

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22
Q

Vena cava

A

A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body

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23
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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24
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood that has a low concentration of oxygen and a relatively higher concentration of carbon dioxide

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25
Pulmonary vein
a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
26
Aorta
the largest artery in the human body
27
atrium
a chamber within the heart that receives blood from the veins and then pumps it into a ventricle
28
sinoatrial node
a specialized cluster of cells in the heart's right atrium that acts as the heart's natural pacemaker
29
ventricle
a chamber in the heart that pumps blood out to the lungs or the rest of the body
30
Septum
a dividing wall or partition that separates two cavities or masses of tissue
31
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
situated between the atria and the ventricles, and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole
32
Semilunar (SL) valves
crescent-shaped valves in the heart that prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart) after they have pumped blood into the arteries
33
cardiac cycle
the sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, encompassing both the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart's chambers
34
Atrial systole
the phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart's atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
35
Ventricular systole
the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles of the heart contract, pumping blood out into the aorta and pulmonary artery
36
atrioventricular (AV) node
a crucial component of the heart's electrical conduction system, located in the wall between the atria and ventricles
37
Diastole
the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood
38
Blood pressure
the force of circulating blood pushing against the walls of your arteries
39
myogenic
something originating or taking place within muscle tissue.Specifically, it refers to the ability of certain muscle types, like cardiac muscle, to initiate their own contractions without needing external signals from the nervous system
40
action potentials
rapid, short-lasting changes in the electrical potential (voltage) across a cell membrane, particularly in neurons and muscle cells
41
Bundle of His
a group of specialized muscle fibers that transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles
42
Purkinje fibres
specialized cardiac muscle fibers that form part of the heart's electrical conduction system
43
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
a test that records the electrical activity of the heart, allowing doctors to assess heart rhythm, rate, and overall electrical function
44
P wave
represents the atrial depolarization
45
QRS wave
the QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles (the main pumping chambers of the heart
46
T wave
a wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that indicates the repolarization of the ventricles of the heart
47
heart defects
one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth
48
transpiration
the process where plants lose water in the form of vapor through tiny openings called stomata on their leaves
49
Root pressure
the positive hydrostatic pressure generated within the root cells of plants, which pushes water and dissolved nutrients upward into the plant's vascular system (xylem)
50
mineral ions
inorganic substances that occur naturally and are essential for the growth and proper functioning of living organisms
51
Cations
an atom or molecule that has lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive electrical charge
52
facilitated diffusion
a type of passive transport in cells where substances move across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the assistance of membrane proteins
53
Anions
negatively charged ions, meaning they have more electrons than protons
54
symport
a type of membrane transport where two different molecules or ions are transported across a cell membrane simultaneously and in the same direction
55
phloem
a vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting sugars and other organic molecules, like amino acids, from where they are produced (primarily leaves) to where they are needed for growth, storage, or other processes
56
sieve tube elements
specialized cells within the phloem tissue of vascular plants, functioning to transport sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
57
translocation
the movement of sugars (assimilates) through the phloem
58
source to sink system
describes the flow of resources within an organism, particularly in plants, where "sources" are regions of high production or supply of a resource (like sugars from photosynthesis) and "sinks" are regions that utilize or store that resource
59
sap
the watery fluid that circulates through a plant's vascular system (xylem and phloem)
60
companion cells
specialized, living cells located adjacent to sieve tube elements in the phloem, which is the vascular tissue responsible for transporting nutrients throughout the plant
61
plasmodesmata
microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant cells, connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
62
sieve plates
specialized structures found in the phloem tissue of plants, specifically within the walls of sieve tube elements
63
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest (like blood or water) on the walls of its container or within its own volume
64
mass flow
the bulk movement of substances, often fluids, driven by pressure or water potential gradients
24-26 IB Biology Year 1
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