Back and spinal cord

Question 1

spinal cord ends at

Answer 1

L1/L2

Question 2

lumbar puncture at

Answer 2

L4/L5

aka level of lilac crest

Question 3

zygapophysial joint

Answer 3

bony mass bw inferior n superior articular facets (=PARS INARTICULARIS) (which join to make the zygaphphysial joint.

Question 4

superfficial/hypaxial muscles of back (trapezius, lat dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids)

Answer 4

anterior rami innervation

Question 5

intrinsic back muscles

Answer 5

posterior rami innervation

Question 6

superficial layer of epaxial/intrinsic back msucles

Answer 6

splenius ….

Question 7

intermediate layer of epaxial/intrinsic back msucles

Answer 7

erector spinae

Question 8

deep layer of epaxial/intrinsic back msucles

Answer 8

transversospinalis

Question 9

lumbar puncture- things u go trhough

Answer 9

skin
subcutaneous fat
supraspinous ligament 
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum (pop)
epidural space
dura mater
arachnoid mater 
subarachnoid space  (pop)

Question 10

subarachnoid space

Answer 10

CSF

Question 11

Intervertebral foramen=

Answer 11

wen vertebra stacks up and get hole on the side

Question 12

Vertebral canal/spinal canal=

Answer 12

wen all vertebra stack up- get canal where spinal cord goes through

Question 13

Vertebral foramen=

Answer 13

hole for one verterbra

Question 14

disc prolapse

Answer 14

=penetration of the nucleus into the annulus. -4 different degrees: disc bulge, hernia, extrusion, sequestration.

Question 15

disc herniation-monash

Answer 15

at L4/L5, (or L5/S1) nucleus pulpous goes posteriolaterally, damaging L5 or S1 part of sciatic nerve, get sciatica

Question 16

‘pain that shoots from the back into the buttocks and thigh along the sciatic nerve distribution, beyond the knee

Answer 16

sciatica=compression or irritation of L4 – S2 nerve roots

Question 17

‘aggravated by coughing or straining’

Answer 17

sciatica

Question 18

‘Disturbance of bladder (retention or incontinence), bowel function (incontinence), numbness in the “saddle” region, severe pain and leg weakness

Answer 18

Cauda equina syndrome (compression of sacral nerve roots)

Question 19

‘Loss of thoracic kyphosis or lumbar lordosis leading to a flat ankylosed spine (bending therefore occurs at just the hips and difficulty with lateral bending)

Answer 19

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton particularly the joints

Question 20

‘Positive schober’s test (<20cm)

Answer 20

Limitation in lumbar flexion from a disease such as ankylosing spondylitis

Question 21

‘Limited movement of the leg (less than 60 degrees) due to pain in the back or in the affected leg (cross straight leg raising)

Answer 21

Nerve root irritation often due to lumbar disc prolapse

Question 22

thorax innervation

Answer 22

ventral root, dorsal root
spinal nerve
sympathetic ganglion
ventral ramus (intercostal nerve)-anterir n later cutaneous branch
dorsal ramus -supllies back muscles

Question 23

innervation of heart

Answer 23

sympa: is through cardiac plexus, which arises from (mostly from cervical portions of sympathetic trunk which comes from) T1-T5 (sympathetics arise from T1-L2 of spinal cord)
para: is through vagus nerve

btw, cardiac plexus has both vagus nerve n its nerves

Question 24

arterial supply of thorax

Answer 24

aorta giving off posterior intercostal artery (which gives off lateral cutaneous branch of posterior intercostal artery and dorsal branch of posterior intercostal artery )

internal thoracic/mammary artery giving off anterior intercostal artery

anterior n posterior intercostal artery anasamose with each other