Bacterial Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

• The ________/________ membrane of the bacterium provides a hydrophobic permeability barrier essential for ______ and cellular _______
• The __________ membrane of bacteria is involved in cellular processes that require compartmentalized structures in ______ cells
• Bacteria display a variety of shapes and can survive in environmental extremes because they contain a unique polymer called _______
• The primary interactions between bacteria and their environments are through the _______ and structures present on the bacterial _______
• ______ ______: Based on the surface polymers and structures of the bacterial cell, play a key role in identifying the cause of deadly infectious disease outbreaks

Answer 1

• phospholipid/cytoplasmic; protection; integrity
• cytoplasmic; eukaryotic
• peptidoglycan
• polymers; surface
• Serotype Reactions

Question 2

Typical Structure of the Bacterial Cell
-______ _____: Storage vacuoles that can contain glycogen or other carbohydrates the bacteria can use for metabolic functions
-Gram _______ bacteria have a single thick cell wall
-Gram ______ bacteria have a thinner ______ layer of peptidoglycan separated from the outer membrane by the _______ space
-_______ _____: Is believed to be a jelly-like matrix that contains proteins and enzymes that are taken in by the cell, and exists between the ________ membrane and the _________ membrane, and between and between the _____ & _______ membranes
Variable structures that may be present:
-______/_____
-Capsule/______
-_______

Answer 2

• Inclusion Bodies
• Positive
• Negative; inner; periplasmic
• Periplasmic Space
• cytoplasmic; inner; inner & outer
• Pilus/fibriae
• glycocalyx
• Flagellum

Question 3

-________: Are intra-membranous structures present in dividing cells

Answer 3

-Mesosomes

Question 4

Acid-Fast Bacteria
-Contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in their cell wall
Difference from Gram Positive & Negative bacteria:
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane

Answer 4

• peptidoglycan
• Enclosing
• Intracytoplasmic

Question 5

• __________ Species: A genus of pathogenic bacteria whose membrane lack a __________ cell wall completely, and use exogenous _______ in their membrane
• Important because some species can cause _______ and can contaminate tissue cultures, lacking ________ allows them to squeeze through pores
• ______ Gram Positive or Negative
• ________ than typical bacteria

Answer 5

• Mycoplasma; peptidoglycan; sterols
• pneumonia; peptidoglycan
• NOT
• Smaller

Question 6

Cytoplasmic (Biological) Membranes

• _______: Composed of single-chain phospholipids that are wedge-shaped
• ______: Composed of double-chain phospholipids that are cylindrical
• ________: Man-made and are composed of double-chain phospholipids are used in ______ delivery
• Have an overall net _______ charge due to the ________ groups
• _____ ______ ____: Lacks covalent linkages so proteins can freely move through the membrane

Answer 6

• Micelle
• Bilayer
• Liposome; drug
• negative; phosphate
• Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 7

Cytoplasmic Membrane Organization & Structure
-No ________ linkages within the membrane allows for ________ to freely flow
-__________ phospholipid bilayer that is a ________ permeability barrier
Membrane Permeability:
-________ molecules can pass through like ____, _____, and ______
-Small ________ _______ molecules can pass through like ______, ______, and ________
-_________ uncharged polar molecules, like _______ & ______, cannot pass through and require transporters
-_____ cannot pass through

Answer 7

• covalent; proteins
• Symmetric; hydrophobic
• Hydrophobic; oxygen; CO2; steroids
• uncharged polar; H2O; glycerol; ethanol
• Large; glucose; sucrose
• Ions

Question 8

Composition of Peptidoglycan:

• _______(sugar) backone: Repeating unit of the disaccharides __-____-____ and ___-____-____ _____. Gram _______ peptidoglycan contains more _______ and cross-links
• _______ side chains: Attach to the ______ backbone
• _____ ___ Cross Bridge: Links the ______ side chains

Answer 8

• Glycan; N-acetyl Glucosamine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; Positive; glycan
• Tetrapeptide; glycan
• Amino acid; tetrapeptide

Question 9

Composition and Structure of Peptidoglycan

• Peptidoglycan provides _____ stability
• ___ 1,4 linkages connects the sugars together
• __-____-______ _____ is unique to peptidoglycan and is what the ________ side chains attach to
• _________ are connected covalently and arranged in a _____ configuration
• ______ _____ cross bridge is attached to the __-______ of one tetrapeptide chains on a specific __-____-______ ____ and to the amino acid in position __ of a different tetrapeptide on a different _____ unit
• ________ linkages provide rigidity but allows for the peptidoglycan to be ______
• ________: Cleave peptidoglycan between the __-____-_______ and __-____-_____ ____ residues

Answer 9

• osmotic
• β
• N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; tetrapeptide
• Tetrapeptides; LDLD
• Amino acid; D-Alanine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid; 3; glycan
• Covalent; porous
• Lysozymes; N-acetyl-glucosamine; N-acetyl-Muramic Acid

Question 10

Tetrapeptide Composition

• 1st amino acid is __-______
• 2nd amino acid is __-______ ____
• 3rd amino acid is ,-________ ____ (meso ____)
• 4th amino acid is ___-______-

Answer 10

• L-Alanine
• D-Glutamic Acid
• D,L-Diaminopimelic Acid (meso DAP)
• D-Alanine

Question 11

Amino Acid Composition in Position 3 of the Tetrapeptide Side Chain

• Will always be a _______-______ ___ called _,__-__________ ___
• _____-_______ _____: Have 2 amino and 2 carboxyl groups allowing them to form ___ peptide bonds
• ________: A unique amino acid that can be found in plants but is mainly in ____ bacteria, and the 4th Carbon in DAP is replaced by a ______

Answer 11

• Diamino-dicarboxylic acid; D,L-Diamonpimelic Acid
• Diamino-dicarboxylic Acids; 3
• Lanthionine; oral; Sulfur

Question 12

• Every ______ side chain is cross-linked in Gram __________ bacteria making them more difficult to ______
• Not every _______ side chain is cross-linked in Gram ________ bacteria making the cell wall ______ and easier to _____

Answer 12

• tetrapeptide; Positive; lyse

- tetrapeptide; Negative; weaker; lyse

Question 13

• _______/______ _____: Produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the 2 sides of a semipermeable membrane
• _______: Higher [salt] outside of the cell causing cell plasmolysis (______)
• _______: Equal [salt] inside and outside the cell causes no change in cell shape
• _______: Lower [salt] outside the cell causing the cells to swell and _____
• ___________ prevents the movement of water in and out of the cell, and prevents the cells from only being _______ in shape due to ________ pressure
• _______ _______: Exists in all directions and creates a sphere due to equal pressure in all direction

Answer 13

• Hydrostatic/Osmotic Pressure
• Hypertonic; shrinkage
• Isotonic
• Hypotonic; lyse
• Peptidoglycan; spherical; turgor
• Turgor Pressure

Question 14

-______ _____ ______(__): Detergent that bacteria is boiled in to only recover the peptidoglycan, the ______ of the cell is still the same

Answer 14

-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS); shape

Question 15

-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are found in almost every bodily secretion as a host \_\_\_\_\_ mechanism that specifically targets bacteria by degrading the peptidoglycan
Found in:
-\_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_
-Mothers \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 15

• Lysozymes; defense
• Semen
• Tears
• breast milk

Question 16

Amphiphilic Bacterial Polymers: Gram-Positive Bacteria
-________ ____ (___): A glycolipid found in ALL Gram-Positive Bacteria and contains a lipid portion, and a carbohydrate portion modified by a phosphate
-Makes the bacteria more resistant to _______ and aids in ________ to surfaces
2 forms:
-Alternating residues of ______ and phosphate
-Alternating residues of _______ and phosphate
-Hydrophobic region contains the ______ anchor, the ______ lacks a phosphate
-__________ region contains the alternating _____/______ and phosphate
-Extends through the _________ all the way to the _______ membrane

Answer 16

• Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA)
• phagocytosis; adherence
• Glycerol
• Ribitol
• membrane; glycerol
• Hydrophilic; glycerol/ribitol
• peptidoglycan; plasma

Question 17

Amphiphilic Bacterial Polymers: Gram-Negative Bacteria
-___________(___)/_______: Major portion of the surface of the outer membrane of ALL Gram-Negative bacteria and is never _______
3 components:
1. ____ __: Toxic component that is the hydrophobic component and is highly conserved, a disaccharide of __-_____-______ substituted with _____ fatty acids
2. ____: Series of sugars that is fairly short and attached to the Lipid A through a unique 8C sugar called __-___-__-___________ ___(__), that is only found in _____ and links to the ____ ___ via an ___-___ linkage (this linkage is highly ______)
3. __ ___ ___/___ ___: Hydrophilic region that is a large repeating structure of carbohydrates that is fairly variable from species to species, and will be on the ______ of ALL Gram-Negative Bacteria that dictates the _____, the _____ will be formed against this

Answer 17

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Endotoxin; secreted
  1. Lipid A; 2-keto-3-Deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO); hydroxy
  2. Core; LPS; Lipid A; acid-labile; conserved
  3. O Side Chain/O Antigen; surface; serotype; Antibody

Question 18

Lipid A of LPS
-Can be seen by hydrolyzing the \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ linkage
-Won't find \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ LPS, you usually find the entire bacteria
Toxic Activities of Lipid A:
-Generalized \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-Activation of \_\_\_\_\_\_ cells
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-Tissue \_\_\_\_\_ at the site of injection

Answer 18

• acid-labile
• isolated
• inflammation
• immune
• Fever
• necrosis

Question 19

Bacterial Surface Polymers: Gram-Negative Bacteria
-Are anchored in the ______ membrane via the _____ ___component
-The outer membrane is an _______ bilayer
-The inner ______ is composed of the same phospholipids of the ______ membrane
-The outer _____ is composed mainly of ____
-Gram Positive bacteria have a ______ bilayer since they only have ____ membrane
Major components of the bacteria outer membrane:
1. ___________ of the inner leaflet
2. ____ __ of LPS
3. ______: Form trimers that result in aqueous channels that allows the cell to survive and obtain the necessary nutrients via _____ _____. Anything that passes through is held in the _____ _____ and there is a size restriction where nothing larger than a _____ - saccharide can enter

Answer 19

• Outer; lipid a
• asymmetric
• leaflet; plasma
• leaflet; LPS
• symmetric; 1
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Lipid A
  3. Porins; passive diffusion; periplasmic space; penta

Question 20

Gram-Negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

• Complex ______ - component system, up to ___ different types
• Proteins that are located in the _______ and _____ membranes specific to Gram ______ bacteria
• Require the use of _____
• Some require ________, both Types ___ and ____
• Some ____, like the ____ ____, are released via the Type ____ secretion system

Answer 20

• multi
• cytoplasmic; outer
• ATP
• chaperones; III and V
• exotoxins; cholera toxin; III

Question 21

Bacterial Surface Polymers: Acid-Fast

• Surfaces are very ______ and not very well understood
• Series of ________ cover the surface
• __________ cell wall coated with unusual _____ like: ________, ___________ (LAM), and _____ ____
• ______ ____: Most prominent and on the surface of ALL Acid-Fast bacteria that range from 60C-90C. Lacks a strong ________ component and ______ the size of the bacteria and _____ ____ since the surface isn’t penetrable by aqueous components (including the ______ needed for growth)

Answer 21

• complex
• carbohydrates
• Peptidoglycan; glycolipids;
• Arabinogalactans; Lipoarabinomannan (LAM); mycolic acid
• Mycolic Acid; hydrophobic; reduces; growth rate; nutrients

Question 22

Capsules/Glycocalyx: Extracellular Polysaccharide
-If present they form a very thick _____ on the bacterial surface
-________ because they depend upon the ways in which the bacterial will _____
Functions:
-_____-______
-_______
-Source of _______, many ____ bacteria will degrade the _____ when intracellular [_____] are depleted
-Easily seen with the _____ ____ stain, is invulnerable to it and will appear _____ under bright field
-_______ ____ staining for EM
-Can be seen directly on ______ _____ and ______ _______ colonies (stick to the tongue in the oral cavity)

Answer 22

• coat
• Variable; grow
• Anti-phagocytic
• Adherence
• nutrients; oral; capsule; [nutrient]
• India Ink; bright
• Ruthenium Red
• Bacillus anthracis; Streptococcus salivarius

Question 23

Capsular Polysaccharide Structure (Branched Chains)

• __1,3 linkages are more resistant to hydrolysis
• The ____ of linkages present is more important than the total ______ of linkages
• Capsules are more ______ in Gram-Negative and Positive bacteria, not as much in ____-_____ bacteria

Answer 23

• α
• types; number
• present; Acid-Fast

Question 24

Protein Surface Appendages

• ________: Long, thick, and composed of flagellin. Function in ________: directed movement of bacteria, and ________: directed movement towards or away from chemicals. Types include _______, (single) ____ filament (spirochetes), and _______: tuft of multiple _____. Not present in all bacteria
• _____/_______: Short, thin, and composed of pilin. Function in ________, ________, and ____________. Types include common and ____/____ _____

Answer 24

• Flagella; motility; chemotaxis; polar; axial; peritrichous

- Pili/Fimbriae; adherence; coaggregation; conjugation; conjugation/sex pilus

Question 25

Flagellum Structure and Composition -Flagellum are anchored into the ______ membrane -Many proteins make up the flagella ____, that rotates counterclockwise or clockwise -________ flagella will come together and move as 1 Spirochetes -_____ _____: Anchored at both ends and is wound around the length of the cell and gives spirochetes their characteristic corkscrew motor motion, a _____ movement that isn't _______ -Prevalent in deep _______ pockets -_______ are abundant in oral samples, but do not move and lack ______, appear to move due to ______ Motion

Answer 25

- cell - motor - Peritrichous - Axial Filament; directed; random - gingival - Streptococcia; flagella; Brownian

Question 26

Relationship Between Bacterial Composition/Structure & Infectious Disease Serotyping Disease Outbreaks: -Due to contaminated _______, typically in ___-____ places -Use ____ _____ to identify the specific organism down to the ___ level -__ ___ _____ causes a majority of the outbreaks. Vaccine Production -Want a vaccine to cover as many different _____ as possible -________ _____ can use the ______ to identify the strains Structures and Ag: -Flagella are represented by the letter ____ -LPS is represented by the letter ____ -Capsules are represented by the letter _____

Answer 26

- produce; fast-food - Koch's Postulates; strain - E. coli 0157 H:7 - strains - Klebsiella pneumoniae; capsule - H - O - K