- _______ sense RNA can be ______ directly by the host cell’s proteins/enzymes
- _______ sense RNA must bring in its own polymerases to make a complimentary strand that will then serve as the template for _______
- Positive; translated
- Negative; translation
Picornaviruses -\_\_\_\_ RNA viruses -Lack an \_\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sense and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stranded -Encodes for \_\_-\_\_ genes -\_\_\_\_\_\_ capsid Includes -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Common cold -\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Small
- envelope
- Positive; single
- 6-8
- Icosahedral
- Poliovirus
- Rhinovirus
- Coxsackievirus
- Many RNA viruses produce _______: 1 large protein consisting of individual proteins
- ________: Non-infectious virion
- polyprotein
- Provirion
Poliomyelitis Disease
- ________ infection
- Major problem is paralysis of the _____ that inhibits breathing, people require Iron Lungs that make them breath
- Polio is passed in ______
- Enteroviral
- diaphragm
- feces
2 Polio Vaccines
- _________: Alteration of the virus so it loses its ability to cause the disease, _____ is still possible since it’s a ____ virus
- Polio only effects _____ due to the receptor
- The vaccine made by _______ was better than that made by _______. Used an ________ virus injected intra-muscularly, stimulating only IgG and provided _______ immunity without causing _______
- Using _________ forms of viruses is how smallpox was eliminated from the world
- Attenuation; infection; live
- primates
- SALK; SABIN; inactivated; lifelong; infection
- inactivated
Orthomyxoviridae
- Will cause _______
- ______ sense __RNA virus
- Encodes for ___ genes
- Influenza
- Negative; ssRNA
- 10
Influenza Virus 3 Serotypes: 1. \_\_\_\_ _: Infects humans and animals 2. \_\_\_\_ _: Restricted to humans 3. \_\_\_\_ _: Restricted to humans -Only immunized for _ and _, NOT _
- Type A
- Type B
- Type C
- A; B; C
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Trimeric viral ______ protein
- Binds ____ ____ residues on the cell surface
- 4 hot spots for antigenic ______
- Required for viral _______ and _____
- Mutations in HA can directly effect ________
- Critical for Antogenic ______ and ______
- attachment
- sialic acid
- variation
- penetration; fusion
- pathogenesis
- Drift; Shift
Neuraminidase (NA)
- Enzyme that helps viruses get ______ from host cells
- Viral NA cleaves terminal _____ ___ from the surface of the infected cell
- released
- neuraminic acid
Antigenic Shift vs Drift
- ____ ____: Slow steady minor change in the antigenic structure to Hemagglutinin or a single ____ ___ over time. Mutations arise due to selective ____ pressure and mistakes via the error-prone viral polymerase
- ______ _____: Major change in the subtype of Hemagglutinin, where a segmented genome leads to reassortment in a ____ infection producing a new ____ strain
- Antigenic Drift; amino acid; antibody
- Antigenic Shift; dual; hybrid
Drugs Treating Influenza
-________ (Relenza) and _______ (Tamiflu) inhibit Neuraminidase
-_______ and ________ block pH changes in the endosomes preventing the release of nucleic acids
FDA Approved Influenza Antiviral Drugs:
-______
-_____
-______
- Zanamivir; Oseltamivir
- Amantadine; Rimantadine
- Tamiflu
- Relenza
- Rapivab
- Influenza virus only grows in _____ chicken eggs
- Flu vaccine has inactivated _______ and _______
- Summer
- Hemagglutinin; Neuraminidase
Retroviridae
- Contain 2 copies of _______ sense __RNA
- Capsid symmetry is both ______ and _____
- Caries a _______ with it to form __DNA that gets ______ into the host’s genome and will also ______ with it too
- This virus tries to _____ the host
- positive; ssRNA
- Icosahedral; helical
- polymerase; dsDNA; incorporated; replicate
- kill
AIDs
- Roughly ____ million deaths a year
2 Approaches:
1. Want to get as many people with HIV on ______
2. Can take ____-_____ drugs before engaging in promiscuous activity
- 1
1. drugs
2. anti-viral
Key HIV Virion Properties
-_______ virions with a ____-layered structure
-Includes the enzyme _______ ______
- 2 copies of ______ sense ssRNA
Key Differences from Other Viruses:
-Only example f a _____ viral genome
-Only viral RNA ______ and _____ by host cell mRNA processing machinery
-Only ______ sense RNA that does NOT serve as mRNA immediately after infection
-Only genome to encode for a _______ _______
- Enveloped; 3
- Reverse Transcriptase
- positive
- diploid
- processed; synthesized
- positive
- Reverse Transcriptase
Retroviral Proteins
- Need a ______ for the maturation of the proteins in the virus
- 2 copies of both ______ _______ and Integrase
- _______ Major Antigen helps the virus get into the cell and is the only ______ for vaccines
- protease
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Glycoprotein
Mechanisms of the 4 Antiretroviral Drugs
- Fusion _______
- _______ _______ Inhibitor
- Integrase ________
- ________ Inhibitor
- Inhibitor
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Inhibitor
- Protease
HIV Treatments: Therapeutics
- _____ _____: Amount of virus in the blood
- _________ can be possible approaches to treatment in the future
- Viral Load
- Prophylactics
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History of Microbiology26
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Organization of the Microbial World19
-
Classification of Bacteria & Diagnostic Methods28
-
Bacterial Cell Structure and Function26
-
Aspects of Physiology, Energy Metabolism, and Biosynthesis28
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Genetic Exchange Among Concepts31
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Regulation of Bacterial Growth16
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Infection Control in Dentistry5
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Antibiotics18
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Development of Antibiotic Resistance15
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DNA Viruses49
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RNA Viruses18
