bare minimum 1 Flashcards
(4 cards)
“Cognitive Processes and Social Knowledge,”
A:
🥇 HIGH PRIORITY
▪️1. Dual Process Theory (Kahneman)
System 1: fast, automatic, emotional, unconscious
System 2: slow, deliberate, logical, conscious
▪️ 2.Heuristic-Systematic Model (Chaiken)
Heuristic processing: shortcuts, low motivation/capacity
Systematic processing: deep analysis, high motivation/capacity
▪️3.Schemas
Mental structures that guide perception & memory
Function: fill gaps, interpret info quickly
Sources: past experience, culture, social learning
4.Key theorists:
**1.Bartlett – War of the Ghosts
2.Piaget – Assimilation & Accommodation
3.Markus – Self-schemas**
🥈 MEDIUM PRIORITY
▪️ Heuristics (Tversky & Kahneman)
Availability: ease of recall = perceived frequency
Representativeness: match to stereotype = assumption
▪️ Motivated Tactician Model
We switch between System 1 & 2 based on context/goals
🥉 LOW PRIORITY
▪️ Cognitive Misers
Default to low-effort thinking to conserve energy
“Social Influence” in social psychology,
A:
🥇 HIGH PRIORITY
▪️1. Types of Social Influence
1.**Conformity **– adjusting behavior to match group (Asch)
2.Compliance – changing behavior due to a direct request
3.Obedience – following orders from an authority (Milgram)
▪️ 2.Classic Experiments
1.Asch (1951) – Line conformity experiment
2.Milgram (1963) – Obedience to authority, electric shocks
3.Zimbardo (1971) – Stanford Prison Experiment, situational forces
▪️ Situational Factors in Obedience/Conformity
**Group size
Unanimity
Proximity of authority
Legitimacy of authority
Depersonalization**
Lack of personal responsibility
🥈 MEDIUM PRIORITY
▪️ Explanations for Obedience & Conformity
1.Normative influence – need to be liked
2.Informational influence – need to be right
3.Social conditioning – obedience as a learned norm
▪️ Social Roles & Situational Power
1.People internalize roles → behavior shaped by context
Zimbardo: roles, uniforms, and authority shape action
▪️ Group Influence Concepts
1.Groupthink (Janis) – flawed decision-making from pressure to conform
2.Deindividuation – loss of self-awareness in group (e.g., crowds, riots)
🥉 LOW PRIORITY
▪️ Minority Influence
1.Small groups can shift norms if they’re consistent & confident
2.Moscovici: consistency leads to internalization of views
▪️ Resistance to Social Influence
Social support (e.g., one dissenter breaks conformity)
Personal commitment
Reactance (defiance when freedom threatened)
“Attitudes: formation, stability, and change,”
🥇 HIGH PRIORITY
▪️1. Definition of Attitude
A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an object, person, or idea with favor or disfavor
2.Has 3 components:
1.Cognitive (beliefs)
2.Affective (feelings)
3.Behavioral (actions)
▪️ 4.Attitude Formation
1.Classical conditioning (e.g., pairing product with pleasant music)
2.Operant conditioning (e.g., rewards for expressing certain views)
3.Observational learning (e.g., modeling attitudes of peers or media figures)
▪️5. Attitude-Behavior Link
1.Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen):
2.Behavior influenced by:
1.Attitude toward the behavior
2.Subjective norms
3.Perceived behavioral control (sense of ease or difficulty in performing behavior)
🥈 MEDIUM PRIORITY
▪️ Attitude Stability and Change
Stable when:
Internally consistent
Based on strong experiences
Frequently rehearsed
Changeable when:
Weakly held
Contradicted by experience or persuasive info
▪️ Persuasion: Dual Process Models
Heuristic-Systematic Model (Chaiken)
Two routes of persuasion:
Systematic: deep processing, logic-based
Heuristic: surface cues (e.g., attractiveness, credibility)
Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo)
Central route: logical analysis, high motivation
Peripheral route: superficial cues, low motivation or cognitive resources
🥉 LOW PRIORITY
▪️ Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger)
When people experience inconsistency between attitude and behavior → mental discomfort
To reduce dissonance, people may:
Change their attitude
Change their behavior
Justify or rationalize their choices
▪️ Resistance to Persuasion
Forewarning (knowing you’ll be persuaded)
Reactance (defensive response to threats to freedom)
Inoculation (exposure to small counter-arguments builds resistance)
“Knowledge of Self”
🥇 HIGH PRIORITY
▪️ 1.Core Concepts
1.Self-Concept: Cognitive representation of who we are (traits, values, roles)
2.Self-Schema: Mental structure that organizes information about the self
3.Self-Esteem: Emotional evaluation of self-worth
4.Self-Efficacy (Bandura): Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations
▪️ 2.Key Theorists and Contributions
1.William James (1890):
Distinguished between:
“I” (the active observer)
“Me” (the known self)
2.Carl Rogers:
Congruence between actual self and ideal self = key to mental health
3.Hazel Markus:
Developed self-schemas as core to identity
4.Bandura:
Introduced self-efficacy and its effect on motivation and behavior
🥈 MEDIUM PRIORITY
▪️ Social Influences on the Self
Looking-Glass Self (Cooley):
We shape our self-concept based on how we think others perceive us
Social Comparison Theory (Festinger):
We compare ourselves to others when objective standards are absent
Upward comparison: with better others (can inspire or demoralize)
Downward comparison: with worse others (can boost self-esteem)
▪️ Self-Esteem Measurement & Theory
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale:
Most widely used tool to measure global self-esteem
Sociometer Theory (Leary & Baumeister):
Self-esteem acts as a gauge of social acceptance and rejection
🥉 LOW PRIORITY
▪️ Self-Perception Theory (Bem)
We infer our own internal states by observing our behavior (especially when unclear)
E.g., “I gave to charity → I must be generous”
▪️ Contextual & Cultural Differences
Independent self-construal: Common in Western cultures (focus on individual traits)
Interdependent self-construal: Common in Eastern cultures (focus on social roles/relationships)
▪️ Self-Regulation
The capacity to control one’s own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
Tied to long-term goals, delayed gratification, and impulse control
